Analysis Method

Salimi, Ali; Yousefi, Ali Akbar

doi:10.1016/s0142-9418(03)00003-5

Cited by 844 publications

(398 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[1] N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, extra pure) and Glycerol was obtained from Acros Organics Ltd. and were used as-obtained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] These properties stem from its unique polymorphism which also gives rise to its extraordinary mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, good thermal stability and biocompatibility. [5] PVDF shows four significant crystalline phases α, β, δ and γ; [2,6] with the electroactive β-phase being utilized most frequently for the development of sensors, actuators [7,8] and microgenerators.…”

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Exclusive self-aligned β-phase PVDF films with abnormal piezoelectric coefficient prepared via phase inversion

et al. 2015

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Keywords: PVDF, piezoelectric effect, self-alignment, β-phase, Piezo Force Microscopy Poly(vinylidene fluoride), (PVDF), is one of the most attractive polymers owing to its remarkable pyro-, piezo-and ferro-electroactive properties. [1][2][3][4] These properties stem from its unique polymorphism which also gives rise to its extraordinary mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, good thermal stability and biocompatibility. [5] PVDF shows four significant crystalline phases α, β, δ and γ; [2,6] with the electroactive β-phase being utilized most frequently for the development of sensors, actuators [7,8] and microgenerators. [4,9,10] Owing to its importance, the formation of electroactive β crystalline phase has been intensively investigated through various routes, including melt casting, [15] solution deposition, [11] spin coating [12] and phase inversion. [13,14] While, the films or membranes formed by 2 melting/crystallisation are dominated by α-phase, [15] those obtained by spin-coating and further dried at temperature between 30-60 ºC are largely dominated by β-phase crystals. [12] For the phase inversion technique, PVDF films are formed by quenching the casting films into a nonsolvent bath to induce a series of liquid-solid and liquid-liquid phase separation events. [5,13,14] The microstructure and crystalline phase of the polymer films in phase-inversion can be controlled by adjusting paramteres like composition, [5,12] type of solvent, [16,17] quenching temperature etc. [18,19] Although PVDF films formed by this technique can have high β-phase contents, they are mostly porous and not suitable for electroactive applications. Moreover, the β-phase crystals are randomly oriented in these PVDF films and show no specific directional preference. Polarization under high electric field, [6,20] by Corona poling, [12] or by mechanical stretching [3,6,15] is subsequently carried out to obtain electroactive PVDF films. These operations need to be done at elevated temperatures (>80 o C), requiring high voltage equipment and films with dense structure and high β-phase content. Spontaneous formation of electroactive -phase in PVDF nanofibers formed by drawing was reported to have piezoelectric coefficient up to d33=58.5 pm/V. [25] Similarly, PVDF mesoscale rod arrays, without any poling process, too were also reported to possess good piezoelectric properties due to their high β content. [24] In both these cases, mechanical stretching and stress during the template guiding are believed to be responsible for the piezoelectric effect. Self-polarization of oriented β-phase crystals has also been observed in ultrathin (~20 nm) PVDF copolymer films by spin-coating or by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, and is attributed to the built-in electric field, in-film stress and the strong interaction of PVDF molecules with polar water. [21,22,23] Generally speaking, PVDF films or membrane formed by melt casting, solution deposition, spin coating and phase inversion etc. do not exhibit aligned β-phase crystals without additional t...

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“…[1] N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, extra pure) and Glycerol was obtained from Acros Organics Ltd. and were used as-obtained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exclusive self-aligned β-phase PVDF films with abnormal piezoelectric coefficient prepared via phase inversion

et al. 2015

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“…Regarding muscular tissue regeneration, tissue engineering can thus play a key role 11 avoiding tissue rejection and biocompatibility issues when implemented into the human body [12][13] . Tissue engineered skeletal 35 muscles have large potential in applications related to muscular dysfunctions, such as muscular dystrophy 14 and cardiac infarct 15 . In this field, the principles of cell biology, material science and biomedical engineering are being applied towards the creation of biological substitutes that will restore and maintain standard 40 function in diseased and injured tissues/organs 16 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The β-phase has the strongest piezoelectric response 33 found among polymers. Additionally, PVDF can be produced in the form of fibers 34 , films 35 or porous structures 36 with tailor made microstructure. It 80 has been proven that the surface charge of PVDF affects cell viability and proliferation of osteoblasts, being higher in poled than in non-poled samples 37 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Mouse skeletal myoblasts C2C12 were used due to their extensive application in biological and muscle regeneration investigations 11 . The main issues to be clarified are the effect of 35 the surface charge on cell adhesion and proliferation and to verify the effect of sample morphology on the attachment, spreading and myoblast morphology. In order to study the effect of surface charge, three kinds of -PVDF films were used: non-poled -cell culture on non charged surface; "poled +" -cell culture on the 40 positively charged side of the sample; and "poled -" -cell culture on the negatively charged side of the sample -; and for the study the effect of fiber orientation on the myoblast morphology, two types of electrospun PVDF fibers, randomly oriented and aligned, were used.…”

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Effect of poling state and morphology of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

et al. 2013

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This work reports on the influence of polarization and morphology of electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, on the biological response of myoblast cells. Non-poled, ''poled +'' and "poled-" -PVDF were prepared in the form of films. Further, random and aligned electrospun -PVDF fiber mats were also prepared. It is demonstrated that negatively charged surfaces improve cell adhesion and proliferation and that the directional growth of the myoblast cells can be achieved by the cell culture on oriented fibers. Therefore, 10 the potential application of electroative materials for muscle regeneration is demonstrated.

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Electroactive Polymer Actuators

Ismail

Shabeeba

Sidheekha

et al. 2023

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have emerged as feasible materials to emulate biological muscles due to their ability to undergo significant changes in shape or size in response to electrical stimulation. They have received immense consideration in various fields of applications such as robotics, biomimetics, wearable electronics, prosthetics, optical devices, and so on owing to their mechanical flexibility, easy processing, light weight, low density, fracture tolerance, pliability, and the ability to induce large actuation strains than other conventional mechanically responsive polymers. Electronic EAPs including dielectric elastomers, ferroelectric polymers, liquid crystal elastomers, and electrostrictive graft polymers are driven by electric fields or Coulomb forces and require high voltage for activation. While ionic EAPs such as ionic polymer metal composites, ionic gels, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and electrorheological fluids are driven by the drifting or diffusion of ions and operate at lower voltages. The emphasis in this article is on the studies of key materials used in the field of electroactive polymer actuators, reviewing the mechanism that drives the actuation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and discussing their applications.

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Analysis Method

Cited by 844 publications

References 18 publications

Exclusive self-aligned β-phase PVDF films with abnormal piezoelectric coefficient prepared via phase inversion

Exclusive self-aligned β-phase PVDF films with abnormal piezoelectric coefficient prepared via phase inversion

Effect of poling state and morphology of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

Electroactive Polymer Actuators

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