Analysis and tuning methodology of FAPI controllers for maximising the share of grid‐connected wind generations

Abstract

In this study, a novel methodology is proposed for sensitivity‐based tuning and analysis of derivative‐based fast active power injection (FAPI) controllers in type‐4 wind turbine units integrated into a low‐inertia power system. The FAPI controller is attached to a power electronic interfaced generation (PEIG) represented by a generic model of wind turbines type 4. It consists of a combination of droop and derivative controllers, which is dependent on the measurement of the frequency. The tuning methodology performs parametric sensitivity to search for the most suitable set of parameters of the attached FAPI that minimises the maximum frequency deviation in the containment period. The FAPI is adjusted to safeguard system stability when increasing the share of PEIG. Since the input signal of the FAPI is the measured frequency, the impact of different values and parameter settings of the phase‐locked loop used for the FAPI controller is also investigated. Detailed validation with a full‐scaled wind power converter is also provided with a real‐time digital simulator testbed. Obtained simulation results using a three‐area test system, identify the maximum achievable degree of increase in the share of wind power when a proper combination of wind park locations considering their suggested settings for inertia emulation.

Inertia Response Coordination Strategy of Wind Generators and Hybrid Energy Storage and Operation Cost-Based Multi-Objective Optimizing of Frequency Control Parameters

“…To categorize the challenges clearly, Table . 1 summarises inertia response techniques challenges. It should mention that the effect of the phase-locked loop (PLL) on frequency control is also another challenge that is not in our paper scope [47].…”

“…In this paper, a low-pass filter is used for the Ultracapacitor to suppress the noise and very low-frequency disturbances. Also, in this paper, two deadbands, which can reduce the effect of noise on the used controller operation [47] are used to prevent power wind generators to react against small frequency fluctuations. More details of mathematical modelling for wind turbines' synthetic inertia can be found in the literatures [11, 32, 34, and 35] which are not discussed in this paper to prevent the expression of redundant and duplicate content.…”

“…These two parameters are integrated in one objective function and shown in following Equation: H can be selected depending on the maximum allowable capacity for the ultra-capacitor. For example, in [47], the minimum and maximum inertia values are zero and 0.2 (pu/Hs) respectively. Thus, Virm H is 0.1 (s) in this paper to conduct optimization and analyses.…”

Power Hardware-in-the-Loop-Based Performance Analysis of Different Converter Controllers for Fast Active Power Regulation in Low-Inertia Power Systems

“…In this approach, the input signal of the FAPI controller is the power deviation instead of frequency in other methods. The active power loop control on VSP has a second-order characteristic, which has the simultaneous influence of damping and inertia emulation of the system [23,24].…”

Dynamic Frequency Support for Low Inertia Power Systems by Renewable Energy Hubs with Fast Active Power Regulation

“…In this context, the violation of the limits of RoCoF and Nadir/Zenith is a major cause of concern [1]. Currently, significant research efforts are devoted to the development of new active power-frequency control concepts, i.e., Fast Active Power Regulation (FAPR), in an attempt to improve the dynamic frequency support that could be offered by power electronic interfaced devices (e.g., voltage source converters-VSCs-applied in renewable plants, responsive demand, and controllable storage and compensation elements) [5,6].…”