Analysis and Sorption Behavior of Fluoroquinolones in Solid Matrices

Abstract

A simple analytical method for the quantitative analysis of fluoroquinolone group antibiotics, enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in soil was developed based on the mechanical extraction with vortex and ultrasonication and solid phase extraction followed by high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Type of extraction solvents and number of extraction cycles were optimized during the method development. The most efficient extraction solvent was found as phosphate buffer at pH 3 in combination with 50% of organic modifier acetonitrile with the extraction cycle of four. Overall method was applied on three different types of soils, namely, sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam and recovery rates ranged between 71-100% for ENR and 61-89% for CIP depending on the portion of organic and clay content in soils. The analytical method was also used for the estimation of fluoroquinolone concentrations in manure amended agricultural soils sampled from the different parts of Turkey and enrofloxacin was detected in the concentration range of 0.013-0.204 mg/kg. In addition, sorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on all types of soils was investigated and the highest distribution coefficients (K d and K f ) of fluoroquinolone compounds were obtained for loamy sand (K d =1.29 l/g and K f =0.66 for CIP; K d =0.97 l/g and K f =0.56 for ENR) with the highest organic carbon.

Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Mangrove Sediment by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detector

“…23,42 In the most studies involving the extraction of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in solid environmental matrices the extraction of these compounds improves when performed at pH acids. 12,26,29,33,34,43 In the present study, it can be concluded that, in general, fluoroquinolones were best extracted from the sediment by use of basic solution (method 3). 35 Importantly, there is no consensus in the literature about the best pH for the extraction of sediment samples of antibiotics.…”

“…10,14,34 Therefore, it was decided to optimize an extraction technique assisted by ultrasound (UAE) to isolate the CIP, LEV and NOR fluoroquinolones from the mangrove sediment samples. This procedure is easy-to-use (sonication followed by centrifugation), the equipments are easily found in the laboratory, low-cost and uses little solvent extractor.…”

“…11 Alternatives techniques have been studied to improve the performance of extraction of analytes, such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 27,28 also known as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), 29,30 microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 31,32 and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). [33][34][35] Solid phase extraction (SPE) technique has been chosen for purification of extracts due to its efficiency and availability of phases. As an alternative, two SPE cartridges are set up in tandem for purification of the aqueous extracts.…”

Leaching behavior of enrofloxacin in three different soils and the influence of a surfactant on its mobility

“…Enrofloxacin (ENR, 1,4-dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(3-methy lpiperazin-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid, CAS: 93106-60-6), a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, is widely used in livestock production and aquaculture (Tolls, 2001;Uslu et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 2010). Soil residues result mostly from the use of contaminated manure as fertilizer on agricultural land as ENR is degraded only to a small extent during its passage through the animal (Martens et al, 1996).…”

“…Soil residues result mostly from the use of contaminated manure as fertilizer on agricultural land as ENR is degraded only to a small extent during its passage through the animal (Martens et al, 1996). Due to surface runoff and leaching, soils can also act as a source of antibiotic contaminants for the aqueous environment (Picó and Andreu, 2007;Martínez-Carballo et al, 2007;Uslu et al, 2008). ENR has been detected in arable soils in Austria up to 8.3 mg/kg (Martínez-Carballo et al, 2007) and 0.013-0.204 mg/kg in manure amended agricultural soils in Turkey (Uslu et al, 2008).…”