“…Indicators of understanding mathematical concepts are being able to understand, recognize, and prioritize mathematical procedures, concepts, and principles and ideas (Arifin et al, 2023). Researchers adopt indicators of the ability to understand mathematical concepts from several studies and formulate the indicators into: (1) rearrange concepts, (2) determine the characteristics of processes or ideas, (3) maintain concepts learned with counterexamples, (4) display ideas with a number of mathematical symbols, including tables, graphs, diagrams, and figures (Ardila et al, 2022;Gusmania & Agustyaningrum, 2020;Praja et al, 2021;Sibarani et al, 2021).…”