Análisis de la distribución nacional de intoxicación por plomo en niños de 1 a 4 años. Implicaciones para la política pública en México

Abstract

Objetivo. Estimar la magnitud de intoxicación por plomo(Pb) (≥5μg/dL en sangre) en niños de 1 a 4 años e identificarla contribución del uso de loza de barro vidriado con Pb(LBVPb) como fuente de exposición en los 32 estados deMéxico. Material y métodos. Muestra de Pb en sangre(PbS) capilar de niños participantes en la Encuesta Nacionalde Salud y Nutrición 2018-2019. Se estimó la prevalencia deintoxicación, su asociación con LBVPb y distribución nacional.Resultados. La prevalencia nacional de intoxicación fue17.4%, lo cual representa 1.4 millones de niños. Esta prevalenciafue 30.7% entre usuarios de LBVPb y 11.8% entre nousuarios. En 17 estados la prevalencia de intoxicación es ≥10%;en 11 es ≥5-10% y en 4 es <5%. Conclusiones. Existe una distribución diferencial geográfica del problema; se confirma la asociación con LBVPb y se estima la contribución de otrasfuentes de exposición. Esta información ofrece una guía paraimplementar acciones de prevención y control en México.

Prenatal Co-Exposure to Manganese, Mercury, and Lead, and Neurodevelopment in Children during the First Year of Life

“…In 99% of the participants, blood Pb levels were below Mexico’s current 5 µg/dL reference value [ 32 ]; this is congruent with the infrequent use of lead-glazed ceramics (consistently found as the principal lead exposure source in Mexico’s general population after lead was phased out from gasoline in 1998) reported in the questionnaire and lower than the national Pb poisoning prevalence of children between one and four years old in Sonora, according to Mexico’s National Health and Nutrition Survey [ 33 ]. Additionally, no other important Pb sources were identified in the study area.…”

Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort

“…Another study detected Pb levels in milk from cows fed with alfalfa produced in soils irrigated with wastewater in Puebla and Tlaxcala; Pb levels were in the range of 0.039 to 0.059 mg/kg and were also above the international MLs [38]. Notably, these are among the Mexican states with the highest reported prevalence of Pb poisoning in children, 46.6% and 35.6%, respectively [39].…”

Analysis of the burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors in Mexico in the 1990-2021 period. Identification of advances, lags and emergencies

“…If the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT -Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición) is regarded as the main instrument for national health information, the only environmental health component to be considered is lead exposure. 11 Mexico is going through an increasing urbanization process with all the environmental consequences this entails; 12 in addition, the country lacks regulation on exposure to toxic chemical substances and is immersed, like the rest of the planet, in the health effects of global warming. For this reason, it is necessary to have information and instruments that allow to know the national situation of morbidity and mortality associated with the main risk factors in order to inform the corresponding health care, prevention and mitigation actions.…”

“…The largest reduction in mortality due to this ERF occurred in the period from 1990 to 2010 (10.5%), which could be the result of lead removal from gasoline in 1997. 19 Currently, after almost 25 years of this intervention, it has been suggested that the presence of background types of exposure that have not been addressed, such as the use of lead-glazed ceramics, widely documented, 11,20 as well as the effects of cumulative exposure in older people may be contributing to the cardiovascular disease recorded mortality. 21 The health loss attributable to extreme temperatures has been mainly dominated by low temperatures, and although the burden attributable to this factor showed a decreasing trend, that corresponding to high temperatures has increased, to the point of becoming the most important emerging ERF.…”