2011
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.007
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Analgesia in Amphibians: Preclinical Studies and Clinical Applications

Abstract: SYNOPSISPreclinical studies of analgesia in amphibians or recommendations for clinical use of analgesics in amphibian species are extremely limited. This article briefly reviews the issues surrounding the use of analgesics in amphibians starting with common definitions of pain and analgesia when applied to non-human animals. Nociceptive and endogenous opioid systems in amphibians are reviewed and results of preclinical research on opioid and non-opioid analgesics summarized. Recommended opioid and non-opioid a… Show more

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Cited by 45 publications
(13 citation statements)
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“…Propofol is a sedative/hypnotic agent and is not considered analgesic. Overall very little is known about analgesics in amphibians (Stevens, ). If using propofol to induce anesthesia during more invasive procedures, additional analgesics may be considered.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Propofol is a sedative/hypnotic agent and is not considered analgesic. Overall very little is known about analgesics in amphibians (Stevens, ). If using propofol to induce anesthesia during more invasive procedures, additional analgesics may be considered.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, despite the apparently low dose administered in this case the axolotl appeared to return to normal activity, food consumption and behaviour rapidly. Failure to administer adequate analgesia during surgery has been associated with delayed return of these functions (Stevens 2011). It is interesting to note that higher doses reported would require the administration of extremely large relative volumes of drug using clinically available formulations of buprenorphine (0.3 mg kg )1 ) which seems both impractical and inappropriate (50 mg kg )1 in the axolotl reported would be a volume of 9.33 mL).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In amphibians, responses to multiple noxious stimuli were mitigated with administration of morphine, and this effect was reversible with naloxone. 19 Morphine (30 to 100 mg/kg IM, SC, or topical) provides analgesia that peaks at 60 to 90 minutes, with minimal reported adverse effects in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). The seemingly high doses of morphine administered to frogs have not been associated with depression of neurological function.…”
Section: Analgesic Agents __________________________mentioning
confidence: 99%