Anaesthetic and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Balanced Anaesthesia with Medetomidine–Midazolam and Butorphanol in Dogs

Abstract

The anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of combinations of medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi) and butorphanol (Bu) were evaluated in dogs. The characterization of anaesthetic effects was assessed using a scoring system. The combinations tested were 20 or 40 micrograms/kg Me and 0.5 mg/kg Mi (20Me-Mi or 40Me-Mi) followed by either an intravenous injection of physiological saline solution (PSS) or Bu (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg). The mixture of Me and Mi was injected intramuscularly, followed 15 min later by an intravenous injection of Bu or PSS in all six groups. The combined Me-Mi induced deep sedation but not profound anaesthesia. The effect of the subsequent Bu administration was observed in the scores related to its analgesic effect. There were no significant differences between the two doses of Bu, following either 20Me-Mi or 40Me-Mi in the duration of anaesthesia, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, and anaesthetic and analgesic scores except for palpebral reflex, and interdigital web clamping scores. Therefore, we concluded that the addition of 0.1 mg/kg Bu to Me-Mi elicits adequate anaesthesia with adequate analgesic effect, and side-effects such as bradycardia, hypertension, and slight respiratory acidosis in some dogs.

Sedative, analgesic, cardiopulmonary and haemodynamic effects of medetomidine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on thiopental-propofol anaesthesia in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

“…However, in P2 group the level of analgesia was graded as good (Table 1). Anaesthesia with adequate analgesic effect has been achieved by addition of 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol to medetomidine-midazolam anaesthesia in dogs (Itamoto et al 2000).…”

Effect of Three Types of Mixed Anesthetic Agents Alternate to Ketamine in Mice

“…Butorphanol, a synthetic opioid agonistantagonist, is used as an analgesic drug in veterinary medicine [11]. The combination of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol has been reported as a safe and reliable anesthetic drug in the dog [13,26], sea lion [24] and red fox [2]. However, there are no reports in rodents.…”

“…It has been reported that the effect of combinations of ketamine and xylazine depends on the quantities of ketamine and xylazine [1,4]. On the other hand, the combination injectable agent (M/M/B) was determined by reports that were examined concerning other animal species [2,13,24,26], and the concentration of M/M/B (0.3/4/5 mg/kg) was determined by a preliminary experiment. The induction time of K/X: 80/8 was less than 5 min, and that of M/M/B: 0.3/4/5 was also less than 5 min.…”

“…Concretely, 0.30 ml of medetomidine hydrochloride was mixed with 0.80 ml of midazolam and 1.00 ml of butorphanol and adjusted to a volume of 10.00 ml with sterilized water. The dosage of the combination of M/M/B was constructed as reported in consideration of doses for animal species [2,6,8,13,17,18,20,24,26]. The concentration ratio of M/M/B (0.3/4/5 mg/kg) was determined by preliminary experiments.…”

O butorfanol na anestesia pela romifidina-tiletamina-zolazepam em gatos

“…Os aumentos significativos da PAS em alguns momentos, neste grupo, evidenciam resultados anteriores (HELLYER et al, 1989). Em cães, a administração de benzodiazepínicos, opióides e agonistas adrenérgicos alfa-2 pode resultar em hipertensão arterial (GROSS et al, 1990;ITAMOTO et al, 2000). A administração de medetomidina e butorfanol em cães atropinizados promoveu aumento da pressão arterial, entretanto este aumento decresceu prontamente aos valores normais após a administração de cetamina, (TOMIZAWA et al, 1997).…”