Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise

Davis, James A.; Vodak, Paul A.; Wilmore, Jack H.; Vodak, J.; Kurtz, Pedro

doi:10.1152/jappl.1976.41.4.544

Cited by 421 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…This increase in ventilation is necessitated to eliminate the excess CO 2 produced in response to a sustained rise in blood lactate. Although the VT usually occurs at 47% to 64% of V O 2 max in healthy untrained subjects, 6 it generally occurs at a higher percentage of V O 2 max in endurance-trained individuals. 7 Several methods have been proposed for determining VT; however, no universal agreement exists regarding which is best.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications

Fleg¹,

Piña²,

Balady³

et al. 2000

Circulation

247

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A fundamental requirement for many of the activities of daily living is the ability to perform predominantly aerobic, ie, oxygen-using, work. Such activities require the integrated efforts of the heart, lungs, and circulation to deliver oxygen to the metabolically active muscle mass. Thus, the assessment of functional or aerobic exercise time or peak oxygen consumption provides important diagnostic and prognostic information in a wide variety of clinical settings. Furthermore, numerous clinical trials, especially those in patients with heart failure, have used aerobic exercise time or peak oxygen consumption as a primary or secondary end point. This brief advisory will highlight the major clinical and research applications of functional capacity assessment. For a comprehensive review of exercise testing, the reader is referred to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for Exercise Testing. 1 Physiology and TerminologyThe maximal capacity of an individual to perform aerobic work is defined by the maximal oxygen consumption (V O 2 max), the product of cardiac output (CO) and arteriovenous oxygen (AV O 2 ) difference at exhaustion. Although V O 2 max is measured in liters per minute, it is usually expressed per kilogram of body weight to facilitate intersubject comparisons. Functional capacity, particularly when estimated rather than measured directly, is often expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs); 1 MET represents resting energy expenditure and approximates 3.5 mL O 2 ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1. Because V O 2 max is typically achieved by exercise that involves only about half of the total body musculature, it is generally believed that V O 2 max is limited by maximal CO rather than peripheral factors. 2 V O 2 max is affected by age, sex, conditioning status, and the presence of diseases or medications that influence its components. V O 2 max in a young world-class male endurance athlete can exceed 80 mL ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1, whereas a value of 15 mL ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 is typical for a sedentary but healthy 80-year-old woman. Aerobic capacity declines 8% to 10% per decade in nonathletic subjects, 3 mediated largely by decreases in maximal heart rate and AV O 2 difference. Earlier studies suggested that the age-associated decline in V O 2 max may be attenuated to Ϸ5% per decade in endurance-trained subjects who continue to exercise vigorously. However, recent longitudinal observations with Ͼ20 years of follow-up have demonstrated declines of 10% to 15% per decade in such individuals, 4 mediated in part by a reduction in training intensity. At any age, V O 2 max in men is 10% to 20% greater than in women, in part because of a higher hemoglobin concentration, a larger proportion of muscle mass, and a greater stroke volume in men. These age and sex differences in V O 2 max must be considered in interpretations of functional capacity in individuals. Endurance training augments V O 2 max by 10% to 30% primarily by increasing maximal stroke volume and the AV O 2 difference. 5 True V O 2 max is usual...

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mentioning

confidence: 96%

Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications

Fleg¹,

Piña²,

Balady³

et al. 2000

Circulation

247

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“…The 8-week tennis program improved various fitness measures in the subjects shown in Table 1 (14) =2.25; P<0.05; Figure 2E; Panel II] and the percentage risk of developing coronary heart disease [z (14) =2.06; P<0.05; Figure 2F; Panel II].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gas exchanges were measured using breath-bybreath equipment (Cosmed, Quark CPET, Rome, Italy), and the data was smoothed and averaged at 15-second intervals to measure heart rate (HR), peak oxygen consumption (V O 2 peak), minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER; V CO 2 / V O 2 ). Ventilatory threshold (VT) 1 and 2 were identified according to Davis et al [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tennis-based health program for middle-aged men who are at risk for heart disease

Rosa¹,

Fuentes-García²,

Remor³

et al. 2017

Integr Obesity Diabetes

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the health effects of an adapted tennis-based exercise program, in middle-aged men with moderate risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Fifteen men (44.9 ± 4.9 years) with two or more CVD risk factors, completed an eight-week health program that included a continuous tennisbased exercise protocol with constant and controlled intensity between 70%-85% of maximum heart rate and a standard nutritional orientation. Participants were assessed at the beginning and end of the exercise program for standard parameters related to CVD and the Framingham risk score, motor skills and cardiopulmonary fitness, peripheral inflammation (neopterin levels), oxidative stress (nitric oxide and carbonylated protein content), and mitochondrial function (lymphocyte complex I activity). Exercise improved muscle strength and power, speed, agility and flexibility, V O 2 max and metabolic equivalents. The participants experienced decreases in body mass index, waist circumference, total and LDL-cholesterol, and reduction in the Framingham Risk Score. Exercise also decreased peripheral oxidative stress and production of nitric oxide. In addition, the increased V O 2 at ventilatory threshold 1 correlated with enhanced mitochondrial activity in blood lymphocytes. The tennis-based exercise program adapted to sustaining moderate and constant intensity represents a valuable non-pharmacological intervention to prevent CVD.speed, muscle power and endurance, among others. Outdoor sports are motivating and enjoyable with high adherence levels [6].

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“…Para a determinação do LL IV foi realizada a inspeção visual, por dois avaliadores experientes, da cinética lactato-carga, identificando a intensidade em que o aumento do lactato sanguíneo apresentou perda abrupta e exponencial da linearidade 16 .…”

Section: Materiais E Métodosunclassified

“…A determinação do LL em ER tem sido sugerida por diferentes mé-todos 11,[13][14][15][16] , sendo a inspeção visual o método de referência (LL IV ), o qual é representado pelo início do aumento exponencial da lactatemia, com perda da linearidade de sua curva 16 . No entanto, existem modelos matemáticos que utilizam função polinomial 17 ou exponencial 18 para a determinação do LL.…”

Section: Resumen Introducción: El Umbral Anaeróbico Se Identifica Comunclassified

Limiar Anaeróbio a Partir Da Pse Em Exercício Resistido Por Modelos Matemáticos

Arsa

Cambri

Silva

et al. 2016

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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reSUmoIntrodução: O limiar anaeróbio é comumente identificado em exercícios cíclicos, contudo, também pode ser determinado no exercício resistido (ER) por diferentes métodos, e assim, estimar a carga de trabalho relacionada ao estresse metabólico. No entanto, sua identificação a partir de outros métodos como o modelo matemático da DMáx e principalmente por variáveis mais acessíveis, como a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), ainda não foi analisada. Objetivo: Comparar o limiar de lactato (LL) identificado pelo método de inspeção visual (LL IV ) com o método da DMáx aplicado nas respostas do lactato (LL DMáx ) e da PSE (PSE 12/13 e PSE DMáx ) durante exercício resistido incremental. Métodos: Dez praticantes de ER (24,8 ± 3,0 anos) foram submetidos ao teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM) e a um teste incremental no leg-press, obtendo-se a PSE e o lactato em cada estágio. Resultados: Foi possível identificar o limiar anaeróbio por todos os métodos, entre 30% a 40% de 1-RM. As cargas absolutas, concentrações de lactato sanguíneo e PSE não foram diferentes entre os métodos empregados e apresentaram boa concordância entre si. Conclusão: É possível identificar o limiar anaeróbio tanto por inspeção visual quanto pelo modelo matemático de DMáx para o lactato e PSE, ampliando as possibilidades de determinação do limiar anaeróbio no exercício resistido por métodos de baixo custo e não invasivos.descritores: limiar anaeróbio; esforço físico; treinamento de resistência. ABSTRACT introduction: the anaerobic threshold is commonly identified in cyclic exercises, however it can also be identified on resistance exercise (re) by different methods, and thus can estimate the workload related to metabolic stress. however, its identification by other methods such as mathematical model of dmax and primarily by more accessible variables such as perceived exertion (Pe) has not yet been analyzed. objective: to compare the lactate threshold (lt) identified by visual inspection method (lt

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Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise

Cited by 421 publications

References 0 publications

Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications

Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications

A tennis-based health program for middle-aged men who are at risk for heart disease

Limiar Anaeróbio a Partir Da Pse Em Exercício Resistido Por Modelos Matemáticos

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