An ultrastructural quantitative study of the significance of microbial multiplication during early dental plaque growth

Brecx, M; Theilade, J.; Attström, Rolf

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1983.tb00351.x

Cited by 64 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This confirms that mutans streptococci are not regular prominent members of the early mi croflora on smooth tooth surfaces [van Houte and Green, 1974;Ostrom et al, 1977;Theilade et al, 1982;Liljemark et al, 1986], not even in caries-active indi viduals with a high concentration of mutans strepto cocci in saliva. Nevertheless, the low but significantly higher number of mutans streptococci on the enamel surfaces in caries-active individuals may be an im portant factor in the development of a cariogenic Plaque, since microbial mass increases, within the first days, primarily as a result of cell division [Brecx et al, 1983;Orstavik, 1984],…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Initial Streptococcal Microflora on Dental Enamel in Caries-Active and in Caries-Inactive Individuals

Nyvad¹,

Kilian²

1990

Caries Res

296

221

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This study compared the initial (4 h) microflora on enamel in 7 caries-active and in 7 caries-inactive adolescents. In both groups the microflora was dominated by streptococci which comprised 61 and 78% (median values) of the total viable counts in caries-active and caries-inactive individuals, respectively (p < 0.01). Identification of a total of 700 streptococcal isolates according to a recently revised classification showed that the predominant streptococci belonged to the species Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, and Streptococcus sanguis. Early plaque from caries-inactive individuals differed from that of caries-active individuals by significantly higher proportions of S. sanguis (p < 0.05) and IgA1 protease producing streptococci (p < 0.05). In caries-active individuals, there was a tendency to elevated levels of S. mitis biovar 1 (p < 0.01). In addition, caries-active individuals were colonized by significantly higher numbers of mutans streptococci on the enamel surfaces (p < 0.01). However, in both groups Streptococcus mutans (serotype c) comprised ≤ 2% of the early streptococcal flora. Streptococcus gordonii, S. mitis biovar 2, and Streptococcus salivarius were present in low proportions and did not show differences in distribution that could be related to caries activity. The observed differences in the composition of the early streptococcal microflora may be a factor that governs the eventual cariogenic potential of dental plaque.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Initial Streptococcal Microflora on Dental Enamel in Caries-Active and in Caries-Inactive Individuals

Nyvad¹,

Kilian²

1990

Caries Res

296

221

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“…While interbacterial adhesion (i.e., coaggregation) between these pioneers and other bacteria enhances species diversity in the nascent biofilm (3), community maturation depends primarily on the growth of different closely associated bacteria (4,5). Growth of bacteria, measured as an increase in optical density (OD), was noted in saliva inoculated with dental plaque (6) but not in saliva inoculated with monocultures of Streptococcus spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential Utilization of Basic Proline-Rich Glycoproteins during Growth of Oral Bacteria in Saliva

Zhou

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Although saliva is widely recognized as a primary source of carbon and nitrogen for growth of the dental plaque biofilm community, little is known about how different oral bacteria utilize specific salivary components. To address this question, 32 strains representing 16 genera commonly isolated from early plaque biofilms were compared for growth over two transfers in stimulated (by chewing Parafilm) whole saliva that was stabilized by heat treatment and dialysis. The cell densities, measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR), ranged from ϳ1 ؋ 10 6 to 1 ؋ 10 7 /ml for strains of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis and one strain of Streptococcus sanguinis. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Gemella haemolysans, and Granulicatella adiacens reached ϳ1 ؋ 10 5 to 1 ؋ 10 6 /ml. In contrast, little or no growth was noted for three other strains of S. sanguinis, as well as for strains of Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus vestibularis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces spp., Abiotrophia defectiva, and Rothia dentocariosa. SDS-PAGE, lectin blotting, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of saliva from cultures of S. gordonii, S. oralis, and S. mitis revealed species-specific differences in the degradation of basic proline-rich glycoproteins (PRG). In contrast, saliva from cultures of other bacteria was indistinguishable from control saliva. Species-dependent differences in the utilization of individual host sugars were minor. Thus, differences in salivary glycan foraging between oral species may be important to cross-feeding and cooperation between organisms in dental plaque biofilm development. IMPORTANCEBacteria in the mouth use saliva for nutrition. How each of the many types of bacteria uses saliva is not clear. We show that a major protein in saliva, called PRG, is an important nutrition source for certain bacteria but not for others. PRG has many sugar molecules linked in chains, but the sugar is not available for bacteria until the chains are degraded. The bacteria that can grow by digesting this protein break the sugar chains into parts which not only support their own growth but could also be available to support the growth of those bacteria that cannot use the intact protein. Dental plaque biofilm development involves an array of specific interactions between bacteria and saliva, beginning with the attachment of early colonizers, including Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus mitis, through binding to salivary components in the acquired enamel pellicle (1, 2). While interbacterial adhesion (i.e., coaggregation) between these pioneers and other bacteria enhances species diversity in the nascent biofilm (3), community maturation depends primarily on the growth of different closely associated bacteria (4, 5). Growth of bacteria, measured as an increase in optical density (OD), was noted in saliva inoculated with dental plaque (6) but not in saliva inoculated with monocultures of Streptococcus...

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“…Cariogenic streptococci on orthodontic brackets could allow the remaining bacteria on orthodontic brackets to continue to grow on tooth surfaces near the brackets, because microbial mass increases primarily as a result of cell division. 24 This study provides information on the prevalence of cariogenic streptococci by using cariogenic bacteriaspecific PCR. The capability of PCR in detecting fewer than 1000 bacteria is sufficient to identify cariogenic streptococci around orthodontic brackets.…”

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Prevalence of cariogenic streptococci on incisor brackets detected by polymerase chain reaction

Ahn

Lim

Lee

2007

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

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Introduction: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the main causative organisms for enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of cariogenic streptococci adhering to incisor brackets. Methods: Four incisor brackets from both the maxilla and the mandible were collected from 80 patients at debonding, immediately after the visible plaque index and the gingival bleeding index were measured from the incisors. The genomic DNA of adhered cariogenic streptococci was extracted and amplified by using polymerase chain reaction, and the prevalence of cariogenic streptococci was determined and compared with oral hygiene indexes in the incisor area. Results:The results showed that the prevalence of S mutans on incisor brackets was higher than that of S sobrinus, and the maxillary incisor brackets were colonized by both cariogenic streptococci to a somewhat higher degree than were the mandibular brackets. The prevalence of S mutans was 50.0% on the maxillary incisor brackets and 33.8% on the mandibular incisor brackets, but that of S sobrinus was 17.5% and 15.0%, respectively. At least 1 species of cariogenic streptococci was detected on the incisor brackets of 51 subjects (63.7%). However, the prevalence of cariogenic streptococci was not significantly associated with the oral hygiene indexes at debonding. Conclusions: Cariogenic streptococci can adhere to orthodontic brackets. Careful hygiene control around orthodontic brackets is important. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131:736-41)

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An ultrastructural quantitative study of the significance of microbial multiplication during early dental plaque growth

Cited by 64 publications

References 24 publications

Comparison of the Initial Streptococcal Microflora on Dental Enamel in Caries-Active and in Caries-Inactive Individuals

Comparison of the Initial Streptococcal Microflora on Dental Enamel in Caries-Active and in Caries-Inactive Individuals

Differential Utilization of Basic Proline-Rich Glycoproteins during Growth of Oral Bacteria in Saliva

Prevalence of cariogenic streptococci on incisor brackets detected by polymerase chain reaction

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