An overview of the diagnoses and treatments for penile cancer

Akers, C.; Holden, Fiona

doi:10.12968/bjon.2020.29.9.s6

Cited by 14 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Penile cancer (PeCa) is a rare disease, but its incidence has been rising slowly in recent years. According to the 2020 Cancer Research UK (CRUK) report, the incidence rate has increased by 15% over the past decades ( 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count and Lymph Node Density on Overall Survival of Penile Cancer

et al. 2021

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BackgroundFew studies have explored the optimal examined lymph node count and lymph node density cutoff values that could be used to predict the survival of patients with penile cancer. We further clarify the prognostic value of lymph node density and examined lymph node count in penile cancer.MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was explored to recruit penile cancer patients from 2010 to 2015. A retrospective analysis of penile cancer patients’ data from the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University was performed for verification (2006–2016). The cutoff values of examined lymph node count and lymph node density were performed according to the ROC curve. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare survival differences among different groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to determine the significant variables. On the basis of Cox proportional hazards regression model, a nomogram was established and validated by calibration plot diagrams and concordance index (C-index).ResultsA total of 528 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cohort and 156 patients in the Chinese cohort were included in this study. Using the ROC curve, we found that the recommended cutoff values of ELN and LND were 13 and 9.3%, respectively (P <0.001). Kaplan–Meier curves suggested the significant differences of overall survival among different examined lymph nodes and lymph node density. Multivariate analysis indicated ELN and LND were independent prognostic factor for OS of penile cancer patients. Nomogram showed the contribution of ELN and LND to predicting OS was large. The C-index at 3-, and 5-year were 0.744 for overall survival (95% CI 0.711–0.777).ConclusionsThe more lymph nodes examined, the lower the density of lymph nodes, and the higher the long-term survival rate of penile cancer. We recommended 13 examined lymph nodes and lymph node density >9.3% as the cutoff value for evaluating the prognosis of penile cancer patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count and Lymph Node Density on Overall Survival of Penile Cancer

et al. 2021

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“…Most of penile cancers are a type of squamous cell carcinoma (>95%) and, if diagnosed early, the prognosis is excellent and with increasing use of penis preserving surgery the morbidity is lessened. 10 However, diagnosis may be late for a number of reasons, symptoms being confused for skin lesions or infections, patient embarrassment to report changes, or fearfulness, and an individual family physician may only ever see one case of penile cancer. Lymph node involvement on presentation means a worse prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality.…”

Section: Why Men With Penile Cancer May Be At Risk Of Lymphedemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lymph node involvement on presentation means a worse prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality. 9,10,12 The normal lymphatic drainage of a primary penile cancer is to the inguinal lymph nodes. Palpating the lymph nodes for changes can be unreliable, even when impalpable there is a 25% likelihood of micro-mets and these can be missed by fine-needle aspiration.…”

Section: Why Men With Penile Cancer May Be At Risk Of Lymphedemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 However, it remains relatively rare, with an overall incidence of approximately 1 per 100 000 8 and slightly higher in some parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. 9 The devastating impact of penile cancer and its treatment has been described [10][11][12] but, with the exception of Gopman et al, 3 the acknowledgment of the risk of genital lymphoedema is strikingly absent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recognizing genital lymphoedema after penile cancer

Noble-Jones

Thomas

2021

Int J of Uro Nursing

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Lymphadenectomy for penile cancer treatment increases the risk of genital lymphoedema. There is very little acknowledgment of the risk of genital lymphoedema after penile cancer or its treatment in current literature. Genital lymphoedema is most responsive to treatment in the early stages before irreversible skin changes occur; therefore, early identification would benefit patients. A urology clinic-based study found an assumption among health care professionals that in patients with a broad range of genital cancers, post-operative acute genital oedema would resolve on its own, meaning vigilance for chronic lymphoedema was low. It is unclear whether vigilance for lymphoedema is any higher in specialist centres treating penile cancer. This article describes some of the challenges of recognizing genital lymphoedema in an urooncology caseload and specifically in relation to penile cancer. An example case report of penile cancer-related lymphoedema is described and puts this within the context of two relevant studies, one in a single uro-oncology centre and the other a wider interna-

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“…The tumor represents 2% of all types of cancer affecting the male population, with a geographical predominance in the North and Nor-theast regions of the country (1,8,9). This type of cancer is more frequent in the male population over 50 years of age, although it can affect younger men as well (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Squamous carcinoma represents 95% of the cases and its dissemination occurs through the lymphatic system, with initial involvement of the inguinal lymph nodes and later affecting the pelvic lymph nodes (1,3,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of flaps in inguinal lymphadenectomy in metastatic penile cancer

et al. 2021

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Purpose: Reviewing surgical procedures using fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps for inguinal reconstruction after lymphadenectomy in metastatic penile cancer. Material and Methods: We reviewed the current literature of the Pubmed database according to PRISMA guidelines. The search terms used were “advanced penile cancer”, “groin reconstruction”, and “inguinal reconstruction”, both alone and in combination. The bibliographic references used in the selected articles were also analyzed to include recent articles into our research. Results: A total of 54 studies were included in this review. About one third of penile cancers are diagnosed with locally advanced disease, often presenting with large lymph node involvement. Defects in the inguinal region resulting from the treatment of metastatic penile cancer are challenging for the surgeon and cause high patient morbidity, rendering primary closure unfeasible. Several fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps of the abdomen and thigh can be used for the reconstruction of the inguinal region, transferring tissue to the affected area, and enabling tensionless closure. Conclusions: The reconstruction of defects in the inguinal region with the aid of flaps allows for faster postoperative recovery and reduces the risk of complications. Thus, the patient will be able to undergo potential necessary adjuvant treatments sooner.

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An overview of the diagnoses and treatments for penile cancer

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count and Lymph Node Density on Overall Survival of Penile Cancer

Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count and Lymph Node Density on Overall Survival of Penile Cancer

Recognizing genital lymphoedema after penile cancer

Use of flaps in inguinal lymphadenectomy in metastatic penile cancer

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