An overview of molecular identification of insect fauna with special emphasis on chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of India

Abstract

Identifying organisms has grown in importance as we monitor the biological effects of global climate change and attempt to preserve species diversity in the face of accelerating habitat destruction. Classical taxonomy falls short in this race to catalogue biological diversity before it disappears. Differentiating subtle anatomical differences between closely related species requires the subjective judgment of highly trained specialists -and few are being trained in institutes today. DNA barcodes allow non-experts to objectively identify species -from small, damaged, or even industrially processed material. The aim of DNA barcoding is to establish a shared community resource of DNA sequences commonly used for identification, discrimination or taxonomic classification of organisms. It is a method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism's DNA to identify and distinguish its belonging from particular species, varieties or inter varieties. This simple technique has attracted attention from taxonomists, ecologists, conservation biologists, agriculturists, plant-quarantine officers and studies using the DNA barcode has rapidly increased. The extreme diversity of insects and their economical, epidemiological and agricultural importance have made them a major target of DNA barcoding. In this review, we present an overview of DNA barcoding of insects with emphasis on Chalcid wasps of India. Določanje organizmov pridobiva na pomenu pri spremljanju globalnih podnebnih sprememb in pri poskusih ohranjanja biodiverzitete v procesu hitrega uničevanja habitatov. Klasična taksonomija v teh procesih ne uspe določiti vse biodiverzitete pred njenim propadom. Prepoznavanje majhnih anatomskih razlik med ozko sorodnimi vrstami zahteva presojo visoko usposobljenih specialistov, ki jih je danes vedno manj. Vrednotenje DNK zaporedij omogoča tudi nestrokovnjakom objektivno prepoznavanje vrst kot tudi njihovih malih ali poškodovanih ostankov ali celo industrijsko predelanih materialov. Namen te metode je ustvariti nabor DNK zaporedij za vzajemno rabo pri določanju in taksonomskem razvrščanju organizmov poznano tudi pod imenom DNK črtne kode. Pri tej metodi omogoča kratek genetski marker v DNK organizma njegovo določitev in razlikovanje od drugih vrst, različic. Ta preprosta tehnika je pritegnila pozornost taksonomov, ekologov, konzervatorskih biologov, agronomov, fitokarantenskih uradnikov in preučevanje na osnovi sekvenciranja DNK je hitro poraslo. Izjemna raznolikost žuželk in njihov ekonomski, epidemiološki in kmetijski pomen so jih naredile za tarčno skupino preučevanj na osnovi DNK črtnih kod. V tem sestavku predstavljamo pregled analiz z DNK črtnimi kodami žuželk s poudarkom na osicah najezdnicah iz Indije.

New records of Chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Bangladesh

“…A total of 5169 hymenopteran species out of 150000 have been barcoded globally. In India, only 167 species of Hymenoptera have been subjected to barcoding where 58 belong to superfamily Chalcidoidea including 44 Trichogrammatidae, 5 Eulophidae, 2 Torymidae and 7 Encyrtidae species (Rasool et al 2018). The previous studies of the chalcid wasps of Bangladesh have been described and illustrated mostly at morphological level.…”

Applications of Biotechnology for Characterization of Plants and Pests as the Key Components of Plant Protection and Production Strategies: A Review

“…It is to be noted that some of the methods are still applicable for characterization of plant genetic resources. (Haymer, 2016;Franck et al, 2017;Rasool et al, 2018;El Sheikha, 2019) • weeds (Darling and Blum, 2007;Stewart et al, 2009;Tranel and Horvath, 2009;Božić et al, 2019) • any species (Pereira et al, 2008; Singh, 2012) Polyphasic taxonomy…”

“…Table 2 describe the review of major molecular methods used for characterization of plants' traits and pests with continuous advancements on biosystematics and DNA Fingerprinting of genetic resources. These molecular methods are routinely used for detection, diagnosis, indexing of pests such as (i) DNA Barcoding (ii) DNA hybridization (iii) DNA Markers: diagnosis, diversity analysis, fingerprinting, (iv) DNA sequencing, (v) Microarray, (vii) Biosensors and Nanobiosensors (Bionanotechnology tools, diagnosis, indexing, (Astrin et al, 2013;Kress et al, 2015;Purty and Chatterjee, 2016) Identification of microbial communities (Kaur, 2015;Miller et al, 2016;Chaudhary and Dahal, 2017) Agriculturally important insects (Jalali et al, 2015;Rasool et al, 2018); Arthropods (Ashfaq and Heber. 2016) Invasive grasses (Wang et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2017) DNA hybridization study of hybrid lineages, genetic improvement and evolution (Silva and Souza, 2013;López-Caamal and Tovar-Sánchez, 2014;Ramzan et al, 2017) Detection of pathogens using serological and DNAhybridization (Martinelli et al, 2015;Fang and Ramasamy, 2015;Patel et al, 2016;Lau and Botella, 2017) Hybridization markers for detection of insects DNA Markers: diagnosis, diversity analysis, fingerprinting…”