An Overview of Chitosan-Xanthan Gum Matrices as Controlled Release Drug Carriers

Abstract

Naturally occurring polysaccharides and/or their chemically modified derivatives have been widely investigated in relation to their use as components of controlled release systems for drug delivery. The aforementioned is due, in part, to their distinct properties such as abundant availability and biocompatibility as well as environmental and economic advantages. Chitosan (CS) and xanthan gum (XG) based matrices have received growing scientific/pharmaceutical interest as oral controlled release drug carriers. Herein, recent advances spanning the last two decades in CS-XG based drug delivery systems are reviewed with the emphasis being on oral tablet formulations, due to their versatility as pharmaceutical dosage forms. The mechanism of interaction between CS and XG, by means of computational and experimental approaches, is scrutinized. Results obtained from the literature establish the possibility of fabricating a controlled release drug delivery system based on CS and XG matrices. This can be achieved by monitoring and manipulating the physiochemical properties of the two polymers as well as the experimental variables affecting their drug retardation efficiency, without the need to employ special equipment or sophisticated experimental techniques/methodologies.

Elucidation of the Controlled-Release Behavior of Metoprolol Succinate from Directly Compressed Xanthan Gum/Chitosan Polymers: Computational and Experimental Studies

“…[13][14][15] XG is a branched hetero-polysaccharide which is produced by the microorganism species Xanthomonas. 5 It is composed of a cellulosic backbone and side-chains consisting of two D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid moieties, in addition to a pyruvic acid group on about half of the terminal D-mannose monomers. 16 Native XG displays an ordered single or double helical conformation which is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds.…”

“…4 They offer the advantage of utilizing conventional dosage form manufacturing processes using equipment commonly available in any pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. 5 Synthetic and natural polymers are often used for the preparation of such dosage forms. Natural polymers are preferred since they are abundant, biocompatible, biodegradable, and cost-effective.…”

“…Arguably, monolithic systems (where the drug is dissolved/dispersed in a polymeric matrix) constitute a more convenient alternative compared to relatively complicated CR device preparation methods . They offer the advantage of utilizing conventional dosage form manufacturing processes using equipment commonly available in any pharmaceutical manufacturing facility . Synthetic and natural polymers are often used for the preparation of such dosage forms.…”

“…XG is recognized as one of the most efficient natural occurring polymers for use in retarding the release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) owing to its high water uptake ability and stability against enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. , In addition, XG is biocompatible and is fully degraded by the bacteria of the colon . It has been employed to control the release of various APIs. − XG is a branched heteropolysaccharide, which is produced by the microorganism species Xanthomonas . It is composed of a cellulosic backbone and side chains consisting of two d -mannose and d -glucuronic acid moieties, in addition to a pyruvic acid group on about half of the terminal d -mannose monomers .…”

Design, Preparation, and Evaluation of Enteric Coating Formulation of HPMC and Eudragit L100 on Carboxylated Agarose Hydrogel by Using Drug Tartrazine

“…Controlled drug delivery is intended to provide not only continued action but also dependability, which ideally means a zero-order release rate in which the amount of drug release to the absorption site remains reasonably constant over prolong period of time [1]. This system has been used at different interval of times to deliver the drugs at different predetermined rates in order to overcome the shortcomings of ordinary drug formulations [2].…”