An Investigation on the Climatic Effect of Contrail Cirrus

Liou, Kuo‐Nan; Ou, S. C.; Koenig, George G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51686-3_10

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…They ®nd about 30 Wm A2 radiative¯ux change at the tropopause for 100% contrail cover with optical depth of 0.28 at 0.55 lm; and a surface temperature increase on the order 0.05 K for a 0.5% increase in current contrail cloud cover. With a 2-D radiative convective model, a 1 K increase was found in surface temperature over most of the Northern Hemisphere for an additional cirrus cover of 5% (Liou et al, 1990). Using a global circulation model, the potential e ects of contrails on global climate were simulated by introducing additional cirrus cover with the same optical properties as natural cirrus in air tra c regions with large fuel consumption (Ponater et al, 1996).…”

Section: Radiative Properties Of Contrailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiative forcing by contrails

Meerkötter¹,

Schumann²,

et al. 1999

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Abstract. A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three di erent radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm A2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net e ect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.

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Section: Radiative Properties Of Contrailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiative forcing by contrails

Meerkötter¹,

Schumann²,

et al. 1999

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“…Aerosols enhance the scattering and absorption of solar radiation, and have a substantial effect on both cloud properties and the initiation of precipitation by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) (Twomey, 1974;Twomey et al, 1977;Liou et al, 1990;Liepert, 1997;Rebetez and Beniston, 1998). Twomey et al (1977) and other relevant studies have reported that CCN can increase cloud albedo by increasing the concentration and reducing the size of cloud droplets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forty-year (1971–2010) semiquantitative observations of visibility-cloud-precipitation in Korea and its implication for aerosol effects on regional climate

Lee

Kang

Kim

2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Forty -year (1971-2010) observations of cloud cover and types have been analyzed, and implications on the effects of aerosolcloud feedback were explored. Cloud cover and types have been observed over Korea on the basis of visible (human-eye) attributes without any change in official observing instructions. Visibility has been used as an ongoing proxy measure of aerosol concentrations, and observed meteorological variables such as sunshine duration and precipitation have been employed to analyze aerosol causes and implications for urban and regional climate. The analysis revealed persistent decade-long patterns in Korea: steadily reduced visibility (-0.37 km/yr), consistently decreasing sunshine duration (-0.06 %/hr), and declining occurrence of light precipitation. Spatial distributions of sunshine duration and visibility exhibited more localized variations in the early period (1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990), and tended to be more uniform throughout Korea over more recent years (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010), implying the recent regional-scale impact of cloud change over northeast Asia. Cloud analysis results showed that the five most common types were stratocumulus (S c ), cirrus (C i ), altostratus (A s ), stratus (S t ), and nimbostratus (N s ), with occurrences of 33%, 17%, 17%, 9%, and 8%, respectively. Occurrence of rarely precipitating or nonprecipitating low-level S c clouds showed an increasing (+0.34%/yr), but no (or only minor) effects of aerosols on heavy precipitation such as cumulus cloud types were found. Cloud cover in the range of 6/10 to 8/10 units has increased by 31.5 ± 6.5%, and occurrences of both cloud-free (~2/10 units) and overcast (~8/10 units) conditions have decreased.Implications: Aerosol-cloud-precipitations interaction is highly nonlinear due to feedback mechanisms. One reason for our poor understanding of the aerosol-cloud feedback study is the variety of cloud types with their complicated responses to variations of the aerosol. Our study on the response of precipitation-cloud to long-term anthropogenic aerosols over 40 years in South Korea demonstrated that recent changes tend to be at a regional scale, and change in stratocumulus clouds is the most significant. In addition, the changes in cloud-relevant meteorological variables such as sunshine duration and light precipitation were not consistent with expected local anthropogenic aerosol after 1990, implying the importance of long range transboundary influence on a regional or larger than urban scale over the recent years in the northeast Asian region.

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“…Sulfate aerosol may significantly perturb chemical and physical processes in the upper atmosphere [Wahner and Geller, 1995;Schumann, 1995 [Liou et al, 1990;Busen and Schumann, 1995;Schumann et al, 1996]. It has been noted that the mass of sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere may be increasing partially as a result of increases in aviation traffic [Hofmann, 1991]; however, the correlation of this increase with the production of fine aerosols in aircraft exhaust is uncertain [Bekki and Pyle, 1992] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of sulfate aerosol precursors in the turbine and exhaust nozzle of an aircraft engine

Lukachko¹,

Waitz²,

Miake-Lye³

et al. 1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Recent in-flight measurements of aircraft engine exhaust have suggested much higher conversions of fuel sulfur to sulfuric acid aerosols than can be explained by gasphase oxidation within the exhaust plume. This paper describes the effects of turbine and exhaust nozzle aerodynamics and chemical kinetics on the production of sulfate aerosol precursors in engine exhaust. Results from both one-dimensional (l-D) and twodimensional (2-D) numerical simulations are presented for a range of flow and chemistry conditions. One-dimensional calculations for the entire postcombustor flow path of an advanced subsonic engine resulted in up to 6.3% sulfur oxidation through the turbine and exhaust nozzle. Results were most sensitive to species concentrations at the combustor exit, combustor exit temperature, and cooling flow mass addition in the turbine.

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An Investigation on the Climatic Effect of Contrail Cirrus

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

Radiative forcing by contrails

Radiative forcing by contrails

Forty-year (1971–2010) semiquantitative observations of visibility-cloud-precipitation in Korea and its implication for aerosol effects on regional climate

Production of sulfate aerosol precursors in the turbine and exhaust nozzle of an aircraft engine

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