An interactive study on wear behaviour and mechanical properties of carbonized eggshells filler loaded glass-jute reinforced polyester hybrid bio-composites

The Evolution and Future Trends of Unsaturated Polyester Biocomposites: A Bibliometric Analysis

“…The fiber configurations also provide opportunities to create hybrid composites that combine different types of natural fibers, such as jute-ramie [70], hemp-kenaf fiber [82], and the less-traditional banana-pandanus fibers [83]. In addition, it is common to combine natural and synthetic fibers, especially using traditional reinforcements, as glass fibers [40,[84][85][86][87][88]. This tendency has also been observed in the work of Varma et al (1985) [29].…”

“…In this study, 38 different useful fillers were identified for improving the mechanical properties [40,91], wear behavior [92], cross-sectional shrinkage [91], fire retardancy [92], and sound absorption at higher frequencies [93]. These fillers originate from minerals such as montmorillonite-nanoclays and other nanoclays [40], calcium carbonate [72], industrial waste such as copper slag [94], metallic particles [95], and different types of ash derived from agro-industrial waste, such as eggshells [84], and cow horn ash [92]. Recently, nanoclays [40], ZnO nanorods that reduce water absorption [96], nanocellulose [97], or carbon nanotubes [93] have been used as nanofillers.…”

“…The second-most-documented technique is compression, which includes variations such as sheet molding compounds (SMC) [102][103][104][105] and bulk molding compounds [48]. Additional techniques include vacuum infusion [84,105], vacuum bagging [83,106,107], resin transfer molding [47,82], and pultrusion [108].…”

“…These evaluations have been predominant since 1982 and are mainly related to flexural and tensile tests. For tensile testing, researchers have attempted to establish the effects of untreated and treated natural fibers on the composite behavior [30,41,62,63,70,71,84,89,91,103,105]. Additionally, other types of tensile testing based on the evaluation of a single fiber or few fibers embedded in the matrix are useful for evaluating the matrix wettability, fiber/matrix adhesion, and efficiency of the fiber treatment [109].…”

“…Additionally, other types of tensile testing based on the evaluation of a single fiber or few fibers embedded in the matrix are useful for evaluating the matrix wettability, fiber/matrix adhesion, and efficiency of the fiber treatment [109]. The mechanical analyses also included other tests, such as the compression test [2,108], DMA [29,60,64,74], hardness test [41,66,91,110], impact test [2,62,111], and wear test [47,84].…”