An Improved Iodine-staining Technique for Routine Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa

Sapero, James J.; Lawless, Deaner K.; Strome, C. P. A.

doi:10.1126/science.114.2969.550

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…They further state that 'the nuclear membrane appears to stain dark red to jet black while nuclear chromatin remains essentially unstained, as in the simple iodine stain'. The latter part of the statement agrees with our observations, but is contrary to the opinion expressed by Sapero et at. (1951) quoted earlier.…”

Section: Parasitic Ovacontrasting

confidence: 76%

The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples

Jayewardene

1957

Parasitology

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The results of the examination of 543 faecal specimens by the Merthiolate Iodine Formaldehyde Concentration (M.I.F.C.) technique, Willis's salt flotation method and by direct saline smear are given.The appearances of helminth ova and protozoan parasites in M.I.F.C. preparation are described.The M.I.F.C. method showed a much greater efficiency for the detection of helminth ova over the other two methods. It did not prove as satisfactory for the detection of protozoan parasites. Effective concentration of trophozoite forms was not observed. The possible reasons for this are discussed.It is proposed to adopt this method in combination with the direct saline smear for routine use in this laboratory.

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Section: Parasitic Ovacontrasting

confidence: 76%

The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples

Jayewardene

1957

Parasitology

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“…It is best to sporulate coccidian oocysts before they have been subjected to refrigeration, since in some species (apparently a minority), refrigeration of the unsporulated oocysts prevents subse- Lawless and Strome (1951) and improved by . It was designed especially to permit identification of human protozoan trophozoites and cysts, but can also be used for helminth eggs and for parasites of domestic animals.…”

Section: Sporulation Of Coccidian Oocystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man

Levine¹

1961

516

493

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A disease which is common to man and lower animals is known as a zoo)iosis. Zoonoses were redefined in 1958 by the Joint WHO FAO Expert Committee on Zoonoses as "those diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man" (World Health Organization, 1959). Less than 20 years ago it was said that there were 50 zoonoses, but in the above report the World Health Organization listed more in connection with vector-borne diseases, altho it need not be restricted to them. epidemiology, taxonomy, evolution, etc.(see ). A dei)ie is a natural population within a species. It lies more or less below the subspecies level, but it is not a formal taxon and is not given a Latin name. There are different types of deme. Nosodemes differ in their clinical manifestations. One example is Leishmania donovani, which has five nosodemes, Indian, Mediterranean, Sudanese, Chinese and South American, which produce different types of disease. Serodemes differ serologically. These are best known among the bacteria and viruses, but also occur among the animal parasites. Tritrichonionas foetus, for example, has several serological types or serodemes. were markedly resistant to infection with Ostertagia circunicincta. while Rambouillets were less so and Southdowns, Shropshires and Hampshires were least resistant.Certain individuals among the more susceptible breeds, however, were just as resistant as the Romneys. Whitlock(1958) has studied genetic resistance to trichostrongylidosis in sheep in some detail.The nutritional status of the host may affect its resistance. Poorly nourished animals are usually more susceptible to infection and suffer more severely from its effects.Protein depletion or protein starvation is particularly important. Lack of specific vitamins and minerals generally decreases resistance, but there are cases in which lack of a certain vitamin which the parasite requires may affect the parasite adversely. Thus, Becker and Smith (1942) found that when calcium pantothenate was added to a ration containing restricted vitamins B,, Bg and pantothenate, the number of oocysts produced hy Einteria nieschulzi infections in the rat was increased.

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“…Although several types of qualitative and quantitative methods exist for stool examination (Lutz 1919, Hastings-Willis 1921, Faust & Melency 1924, Hoffman et al 1934, Stoll 1946, Ritchie 1948, Sapero et al 1951, Kato & Miura 1954, Blagg et al 1955, Bell 1963, Katz et al 1972, some of these techniques have operational limitations, including high cost, complexity, low sensitivity and/or reproducibility. These limitations may restrict their respective uses in large-scale surveys in the field.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of a saline gradient for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis

Coelho

Jurberg

Oliveira

et al. 2009

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Faecal exams are widely used for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections because microscopic findings of parasitic structures typically assure reliable and accurate identification of the parasites. Although several types of qualitative and quantitative methods exist for stool examination (Lutz 1919, Hastings-Willis 1921, Faust & Melency 1924, Hoffman et al. 1934, Stoll 1946, Ritchie 1948, Sapero et al. 1951, Kato & Miura 1954, Blagg et al. 1955, Bell 1963, Katz et al. 1972, some of these techniques have operational limitations, including high cost, complexity, low sensitivity and/or reproducibility. These limitations may restrict their respective uses in large-scale surveys in the field.A method commonly used in epidemiological studies due to its relative simplicity and low cost is the quantitative Kato-Katz faecal smear technique (Katz et al. 1972). Katz et al. (1970) showed the limit of sensitivity for this method to be 20 eggs per gram of faeces by recovering Schistosoma mansoni eggs that were added to negative human faecal samples. This exam is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing schistosomiasis mansoni as per the World Health Organization (WHO 1993). Although this method is widely used, the Kato-Katz test might lack sensitivity in situations of low worm burden, low endemicity and in cases of evaluation post treatment (Ferrari et al. 2003). To overcome these limitations, it is necessary to increase the number of stool samples, which may increase costs and possibly cause logistic difficulties in epidemiological surveys (Enk et al. 2008).Alternative approaches based on antibody, antigen and DNA detection are of potential application, but when the financial and infrastructural difficulties of most endemic countries are taken into consideration, these techniques become unsatisfactory (WHO 2006b). Perhaps as an opposite effect of successful control programs worldwide, the diagnosis of schistosomiasis still needs a more sensitive and low-cost tool for detecting light infections in the field (WHO 2006a). Recently, two novel methods have been proposed. Teixeira et al. (2007) developed a highly sensitive method (named Helmintex) for identifying S. mansoni eggs in large amounts of faeces. Faecal samples of 30 g were processed through a sequence of spontaneous sedimentation, sieving and the Ritchie method and then incubated with or without lectins. This was followed by isolation through interaction with paramagnetic beads and microscopic inspection. The other method consists of a hatching device containing a collecting container for the detection of miracidia (Jurberg et al. 2008). Although hatching methods are highly sensitive, they have an obvious limitation because the faecal samples must be fresh at the moment of the exam. On the other hand, the miracidia suspension fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution could be examined for at least 15 days after the fixation without a statistically significant loss of the miracidia number.In an attempt to develop more sensitive diagnostic tools for schistosomia...

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An Improved Iodine-staining Technique for Routine Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples

The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples

Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man

Use of a saline gradient for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis

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