An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of vasomotor nerves in the microvasculature of human dental pulp

Okamura, Kazuhiko; Kobayashi, Ieyoshi; Matsuo, Keitaro; Taniguchi, Koki; Ishibashi, Yukihide; Izumi, Toshio; Kitamura, Katsuya; Sakai, Hidetaka

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(94)00147-4

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Our previous report has disclosed that the ample defensive response by immunocompetent cells is equipped in the human dental pulp [Izumi et al, 1995], In that report, we found that both Tand B-lineage lymphocytes as well as other types of inflam matory cells markedly increased in the pulp tissue of teeth with advanced caries. Lymphocytes can produce various kinds of cytokines and growth factors [Johnson et al, 1988] and it is possible that cytokines produced by lymphocytes in situ may have induced the pulp cell proliferation [D'souza et al, 1989].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…We have already proven that the microcirculatory system in the hu man dental pulp possesses the precise neurovascular rela tionship equivalent to that in other tissues and/or organs, suggesting the capability of delicate regulation of the blood flow in various pulp conditions [Okamura et al, 1994[Okamura et al, , 1995, However, the access of microcirculation of the dental pulp could occur only through the apical foramina, and therefore the pulp cannot be supplied with an adequate blood flow during severe pulpal injury. The lower sensitiv ity of cellular proliferation of human dental pulp cells seems to depend on inadequate blood supply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shovelton [1972] has reported that significant functional disturb ances occur within the pulp tissue when the carious lesion reaches an inner dentine layer 1.1 mm in thickness from the pulp chamber, and once the carious lesion approaches 0.5 mm, the amount of disease spreads. Our previous report has disclosed that human dental pulp is equipped with a functional biodefensive response by immunocompetent cells [Izumi et al, 1995]. However, little is known about the biological behavior of pulp cells in these reparative and de structive processes following the progression o f dental car ies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biological Behavior of Human Dental Pulp Cells in Response to Carious Stimuli Analyzed by PCNA Immunostaining and AgNOR Staining

Kobayashi

Izumi²,

Okamura³

et al. 1996

Caries Res

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The change in proliferative and metabolic activities of human dental pulp cells responding to carious stimuli was studied by means of immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining. We classified the pulp tissues into five groups according to the progression of dental caries, ranging from grade 0 (the pulp of noncarious teeth) to grade 4 (the pulp of perforated carious teeth). PCNA-positive pulp cells were detected only in advanced dental caries (grades 3 and 4), and the difference in immuno-positive rate was significant between the two grades (p < 0.001). However, the mean number of AgNORs per nucleus increased even in the early phase of dental caries, significant differences being detected between grades 1 and 2 (p < 0.005), 2 and 3 (p < 0.005), and 3 and 4 (p < 0.001). Our data suggested that the metabolic activity of dental pulp cells was enhanced in the early phase of dental caries. However, proliferation of pulp cells occurred later in small degrees during fully developed caries such as grades 3 and 4. The slow and weak response in cellular proliferation might contribute to the usual fragility of the pulp to various assaults including caries or pulpitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Behavior of Human Dental Pulp Cells in Response to Carious Stimuli Analyzed by PCNA Immunostaining and AgNOR Staining

Kobayashi

Izumi²,

Okamura³

et al. 1996

Caries Res

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“…These may correspond to the varicose type of nerve endings proposed by Okamura et al (1995) and could indirectly regulate blood flow in the dental pulp by diffusion of transmitters. Thick nerve fibers that showed substance P immunoreactivity in the synaptic vesicles were located apart from blood vessels in the dental pulp, and many vesicular openings were seen on the surface of the nerve fibers, suggesting that these nerve fibers indirectly govern the blood vessels in the dental pulp (Tabata et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not well understood whether there is a direct or indirect relationship between nerve fibers and blood vessels in the pulp, because these previous studies were based on light microscopy. Okamura et al (1995) hypothesized that two types of nerve endings, free and varicose, may regulate blood flow in the dental pulp. We have demonstrated that thick varicose nerve fibers which showed substance P immunoreactivity in the synaptic vesicles are located apart from blood vessels in the dental pulp, and many vesicular openings which may indicate exocytosis of synaptic vesicles are seen on the surface of the nerve fibers (Tabata et al, 1998).…”

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Innervation of blood vessels in the rat incisor pulp: A scanning electron microscopic and immunoelectron microscopic study

et al. 1998

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Although two types of nerve endings have been proposed to innervate blood vessels in the dental pulp, the precise innervation pattern is not well understood. This is mainly due to the lack of information regarding the positional relationships of nerve fibers with blood vessels at the electron microscopic level.The rat incisor pulp was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after connective tissue digestion and by transmission electron microscopy after immunohistochemical localization with polyclonal anti-PGP 9.5 antibody.SEM specimens revealed that unmyelinated nerve fibers passed through the tunica adventitia of the blood vessel in the center of the pulp and that these fibers then entered the tunica media of the smaller arterioles. The nerve fibers divided into many collaterals, and these terminated on the surface of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. The fibers extended toward smaller vessels. The terminal fibers then reached the subodontoblastic capillary plexus and terminated on pericytes, while the odontoblastic capillary plexus had no direct innervation. In the pulpal venules, nerve fibers were located adjacent to the pericytes and endothelial cells, and they extended toward postcapillary venules. The same results were confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy.The present study demonstrated that in the rat incisor pulp the microvasculature as well as larger vessels were directly innervated by free nerve endings, suggesting that the local regulation of blood flow could take place not only at larger vessels but also at the level of the microvasculature in this tissue. Anat.

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Three‐dimensional wall structure and the innervation of dental pulp blood vessels

Iijima

Zhang

2002

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The involvement of neural components in plasma extravasation and blood flow in the dental pulp has been established by pharmacological and physiological studies. We review here the segmental constitution of pulp vessels and the possible involvement of neural components in both the contractility and permeability of the pulp vessels from a morphological viewpoint. Six vascular segments can be identified based on the morphology of peri-endothelial cells, such as smooth muscle cells and pericytes. These are: muscular arterioles, terminal arterioles, precapillary arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules, and collecting or muscular venules. The perivascular nerve forms a mesh with numerous terminal varicosities, some of which attach directly to arteriolar smooth muscle cells. This mesh can be seen by scanning electron microscopy, and indicates the important role of neural components in regulating the pulpal circulation. After administering norepinephrine (0.2 mg/kg/dog), the surface texture of the smooth muscle cells of pulp arterioles reveals marked irregularities, which are correlated with arteriolar contraction. The pericytes in larger postcapillary venules (diameter 20 microm or larger) also show irregularities, whereas no changes are seen in the pericytes of either smaller postcapillary venules or capillaries. The intercellular spaces of pericytes in the postcapillary venules are wide enough for leukocytes to pass through, and the occasional extravasation of leukocytes through venule walls can be seen under electron microscopy. The microvessels of healthy human dental pulp react weakly to selectins, indicating that apparently healthy dental pulp may be weakly inflamed. In rat dental pulp, CGRP-immunoreactive nerves and nerve terminals containing many granular vesicles supply the postcapillary venules more densely than the arterioles, which suggests the involvement of postcapillary venules in neurogenic inflammation in the dental pulp.

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An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of vasomotor nerves in the microvasculature of human dental pulp

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Biological Behavior of Human Dental Pulp Cells in Response to Carious Stimuli Analyzed by PCNA Immunostaining and AgNOR Staining

Biological Behavior of Human Dental Pulp Cells in Response to Carious Stimuli Analyzed by PCNA Immunostaining and AgNOR Staining

Innervation of blood vessels in the rat incisor pulp: A scanning electron microscopic and immunoelectron microscopic study

Three‐dimensional wall structure and the innervation of dental pulp blood vessels

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