The involvement of neural components in plasma extravasation and blood flow in the dental pulp has been established by pharmacological and physiological studies. We review here the segmental constitution of pulp vessels and the possible involvement of neural components in both the contractility and permeability of the pulp vessels from a morphological viewpoint. Six vascular segments can be identified based on the morphology of peri-endothelial cells, such as smooth muscle cells and pericytes. These are: muscular arterioles, terminal arterioles, precapillary arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules, and collecting or muscular venules. The perivascular nerve forms a mesh with numerous terminal varicosities, some of which attach directly to arteriolar smooth muscle cells. This mesh can be seen by scanning electron microscopy, and indicates the important role of neural components in regulating the pulpal circulation. After administering norepinephrine (0.2 mg/kg/dog), the surface texture of the smooth muscle cells of pulp arterioles reveals marked irregularities, which are correlated with arteriolar contraction. The pericytes in larger postcapillary venules (diameter 20 microm or larger) also show irregularities, whereas no changes are seen in the pericytes of either smaller postcapillary venules or capillaries. The intercellular spaces of pericytes in the postcapillary venules are wide enough for leukocytes to pass through, and the occasional extravasation of leukocytes through venule walls can be seen under electron microscopy. The microvessels of healthy human dental pulp react weakly to selectins, indicating that apparently healthy dental pulp may be weakly inflamed. In rat dental pulp, CGRP-immunoreactive nerves and nerve terminals containing many granular vesicles supply the postcapillary venules more densely than the arterioles, which suggests the involvement of postcapillary venules in neurogenic inflammation in the dental pulp.

Molecularly imprinted organic-inorganic hybrid composite materials (MIP-HCMs) with controlled swelling and adsorption properties were prepared through copolymerization and the sol-gel process by using doxycycline (DC) as the template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) as a coupling agent and TEOS as an inorganic precursor. By means of changing polymerization conditions as well as the copolymerization ratio of the inorganic precursor and the organic functional monomer, the properties of sorbents can be adjusted for different needs.So the effect of preparation conditions on the structure of the material was studied. The polymer group, thermal stability, adsorption and selectivity characteristics, and the volume swelling degree of the MIP-HCMs were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and dynamic adsorption and swelling experiments, respectively.It was observed that the MIP-HCMs exhibited the highest selectivity (4.9), maximum adsorption capacity (58.2 mg g À1 ) and good thermal stability. The obtained MIP-HCM was used as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of tetracyclines from the milk and honey samples. The average recoveries of three tetracycline antibiotics (DC, tetracycline and chlortetracycline) were obtained in the range of 74.7-115.5% with the precision of 2.1-4.9%. The limits of detection and quantitation of the proposed method were in the range of 4.9-15.3 mg kg À1 and 16.6-51.0 mg kg À1 for the milk samples, and 8.3-15.1 mg kg À1 and 18.3-50.2 mg kg À1 for the honey samples, respectively.

A rapid, specific, and sensitive method was developed for determination of tetracyclines (TCs) in egg, milk, and milk powder samples by online molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) coupled to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A molecularly imprinted polymer hybrid composite material (MIP-HCM) was prepared using TC as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, tetraethoxysilane as inorganic precursor, and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane as the coupling agent. A new technique of online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC was established. The conditions of online SPE were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, three TCs residues in egg, milk, and milk powder were separated and detected by the proposed method with better clean-up and recoveries. The recoveries of TCs ranged from 85.3% to 98.3%. The limits of detection and quantitation of the proposed method were in the range of 0.76-1.13 mg=kg and 2.53-3.77 mg=kg, respectively. The MIP-HCM was first used as online SPE packing and the hyphenated technique is promising as a general strategy for direct determination of veterinary drug residues in milk and other biological samples.

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Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common carcinoma worldwide. Due to no improvement in treatment and survival over the past three decades, it is crucial to construct a robust model for risk assessment, prognosis prediction and refinement of therapy in clinical practice. The autophagy-related genes, with a key role in cancer biology, could have potential for prediction of survival or assistance in decision-making in treatment of bladder cancer. Methods Level 3 mRNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (TCGA-BLCA) was downloaded. We obtained 51 autophagy-related genes after survival analysis. Univariate Cox regression analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression analysis were conducted and a prognostic signature was established. We validated it in GSE13507 from Gene Expression Omnibus and explored the six genes’ methylation levels and their relationships with immune microenvironment and immune cells infiltration in online databases. The signature and independent clinical characteristics were integrated as a nomogram to facilitate treatment decision-making. Results A six-gene prognostic signature was constructed and stratified patients with BC into high-risk and low-risk groups. Meanwhile, it showed a good performance in overall survival prediction. Moreover, we found aberrant methylation in these genes and associations between them and tumor immune microenvironment and immune cells infiltration. Last, we demonstrated the independence of this signature from clinical parameters and a great value in treatment decision-making after its integrating with independent clinical factors. Conclusion The proposed six-gene signature showed promise for risk assessment and individualized survival prediction of BC and a nomogram based on it may facilitate the refinement of therapy.