An Ex Vivo Study of Wireless Linkage Distance between Implantable LC Resonance Sensor and External Readout Coil

Farooq, Muhammad; Amin, Bilal; Kraśny, Marcin J.; Elahi, Muhammad Adnan; Rehman, Muhammad Riaz Ur; Wijns, William; Shahzad, Atif

doi:10.3390/s22218402

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 70 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Wireless implantable medical sensors have emerged over the last decades with the aim of substituting current clinical practices to improve the quality of life of patients and possibly allow the remote monitoring of physiological parameters from their homes [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The implantable sensing technologies have also been trialed for the surveillance of patients post-EVAR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Pressure-Sensing Devices for Monitoring Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Post-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Silva,

Amin,

Dunne

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Over the past two decades, there has been extensive research into surveillance methods for the post-endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms, highlighting the importance of these technologies in supplementing or even replacing conventional image-screening modalities. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of alternative surveillance solutions for endovascular aneurysm repair, while also identifying potential aneurysm features that could be used to develop novel monitoring technologies. It offers a comprehensive review of these recent clinical advances, comparing new and standard clinical practices. After introducing the clinical understanding of abdominal aortic aneurysms and exploring current treatment procedures, the paper discusses the current surveillance methods for endovascular repair, contrasting them with recent pressure-sensing technologies. The literature on three commercial pressure-sensing devices for post-endovascular repair surveillance is analyzed. Various pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the safety and efficacy of these devices are reviewed, providing a comparative summary of their outcomes. The review of the results from pre-clinical and clinical studies suggests a consistent trend of decreased blood pressure in the excluded aneurysm sac post-repair. However, despite successful pressure readings from the aneurysm sac, no strong link has been established to translate these measurements into the presence or absence of endoleaks. Furthermore, the results do not allow for a conclusive determination of ongoing aneurysm sac growth. Consequently, a strong clinical need persists for monitoring endoleaks and aneurysm growth following endovascular repair.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Pressure-Sensing Devices for Monitoring Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Post-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Silva,

Amin,

Dunne

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Measurement Techniques and Challenges of Wireless LC Resonant Sensors: A Review

Masud,

Vazquez,

Rehman

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Wireless operation of the LC resonant sensor is based on magnetic coupling between two inductive coils, where the inductor of the sensor acts as a secondary coil for the magnetic coupling. An external reader coil is used as a primary coil to interrogate the sensor to detect the sensor's response. The wireless LC resonant sensor is applied in many applications where the cable connections for powering sensors and acquiring data are inconvenient. This review focuses on the fundamental operating principles of wireless LC resonant sensors, their measurement techniques, the challenges of accurately measuring the LC sensors, and their potential solutions. The main challenge in wireless measurement of the LC resonant sensor is to accurately measure the resonant frequency and the quality factor of the sensor which are solely dependent on the intrinsic parameters of the sensors. For practical wireless applications, it is crucial to interrogate LC resonant sensors regardless of their wireless measurement distances. To interrogate wireless LC resonant sensors, frequency and time domain measurements are commonly used. The coupling coefficient, which is greatly influenced by the geometrical dimensions and alignment of the two inductively coupled coils, has an adverse effect on distance independent readout in phase dip measurement in the frequency domain. Furthermore, the presence of parasitic capacitance that appears in parallel to the readout coil of the sensor has also an adverse effect on distance independent measurement in both frequency and time domain, resulting in an inaccurate measurement of the sensor's resonant frequency. A parasitic capacitance compensation technique can be employed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of parasitic capacitance in the readout coil, which significantly improves the measurement accuracy of the LC resonant sensor.

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Planar Elliptical Inductor Design for Wireless Implantable Medical Devices

et al. 2023

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Wireless implantable medical devices (WIMDs) have seen unprecedented progress in the past three decades. WIMDs help clinicians in better-understanding diseases and enhance medical treatment by allowing for remote data collection and delivering tailored patient care. The wireless connectivity range between the external reader and the implanted device is considered one of the key design parameters in WIMD technology. One of the common modes of communication in battery-free WIMDs is inductive coupling, where the power and data between the reader and the implanted device are transmitted via magnetically coupled inductors. The design and shape of these inductors depend on the requirements of the application. Several studies have reported models of standard planar inductors such as circular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal in medical applications. However, for applications, constrained by narrow implantable locations, elliptical planar inductors may perform better than standard-shaped planar inductors. The aim of this study is to develop a numerical model for elliptical inductors. This model allows for the calculation of the inductance of the elliptical planar inductor and its parasitic components, which are key design parameters for the development of WIMDs powered by inductive coupling. An area transformation technique is used to transform and derive elliptical inductor formulas from standard circular inductor formulas. The proposed model is validated for various combinations of the number of turns, trace width, trace separation, and different inner and outer diameters of the elliptical planar inductor. For a thorough experimental validation of the proposed numerical model, more than 75 elliptical planar inductors were fabricated, measured, and compared with the numerical output of the proposed model. The mean error between the measured inductor parameters and numerical estimates using the proposed model is <5%, with a standard deviation of <3.18%. The proposed model provides an accurate analytical method for estimating and optimizing elliptical planar inductor parameters using a combination of current sheet expression and area transformation techniques. An elliptical planar inductor integrated with a sensing element can be used as a wireless implant to monitor the physiological signal from narrow implantation sites.

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An Ex Vivo Study of Wireless Linkage Distance between Implantable LC Resonance Sensor and External Readout Coil

Cited by 4 publications

References 70 publications

Implantable Pressure-Sensing Devices for Monitoring Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Post-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Implantable Pressure-Sensing Devices for Monitoring Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Post-Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Measurement Techniques and Challenges of Wireless LC Resonant Sensors: A Review

Planar Elliptical Inductor Design for Wireless Implantable Medical Devices

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