An Evaluation of the Electrical Properties and Bio-Behavioral Effects of Four Commercially Available Tasers and the JAYCOR Sticky Shocker

Sherry, C. J.; Brown, Carroll; Beason, Charles W.; Dayton, Thomas; Ross, James N.

doi:10.21236/ada416553

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Magnitude of the electrical charge, pulse duration, frequency, and other waveform characteristics all impact the spectrum and magnitude of physiological effects. For electrical stun and EMI devices, this fact is clear from comparative studies such as comparative behavioral tests in pigs (Sherry et al, 2003b). The importance of these factors is also evident by the decrease in observed VF thresholds for different pulse repetition rates (Nerheim et al, 2003).…”

Section: Lack Of Electrical Dosimetry Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Maier¹,

Nance²,

Price³

et al. 2005

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"The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gatherng mnd maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display s currently valid OMB control number. 12. DISTRIBUTIONIAVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. PLEASE DO NOT SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACT A Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization for Electromuscular Incapacitation (EMI) reflects the results from three workshops (data gathering/sharing, peer consultation, and independent external review) evaluating two EMI devices: the M26 and X26 TASERs. The intended effect of these devices is electromuscular disruption. Key potential unintended effects included ocular injury, seizures, ventricular fibrillation, or fall injuries. The likelihood of these effects were determined, based on an analysis of the TASER International Database (scrubbed to minimize false positives) and modeling. The probability of inducing a complete EMD ranges from 74% to 52% depending on distance to the target. Probability estimates were up to 0.04% for eye "strikes and 0.15% for fall injuries depending on distance to the target. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is not expected to occur in an otherwise healthy adult population. Key data gaps include the biological basis for TASER effects and appropriate dosimetry. The results support the conclusion that the M26 and X26 TASERs are generally effective for their intended use. SUBJECT TERMS ABSTRACTA Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization (HERC) for Electromuscular Incapacitation (EMI; also referred to as Electromuscular Disruption (EMD) when describing the intended effect of the TASER® products) devices has been conducted in an effort organized by the Human Effects Center of Excellence (HECOE). This HERC reflects the results from a three-workshop process with sequential workshops held for data gathering and sharing, peer consultation, and independent external review of the HERC document. This HERC included two EMI devices manufactured by TASER International, the M26 and X26 TASERs®.Probability estimates as well as data gaps and uncertainties were characterized for intended and potential unintended effects of the devices. The intended effect of the TASER is electromuscular disruption. During EMD, the individual experiences tetany and is temporarily incapacitated. Key potential unintended effects tha...

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Section: Lack Of Electrical Dosimetry Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was a minimum rest period of 45 hours between succeeding exposures (Sherry et al, 2003b). The initial exposures were accomplished while the pigs were pressing a panel for a food reward.…”

Section: Intended Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Maier¹,

Nance²,

Price³

et al. 2005

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“…Ten domestic swine (Sus scrofa domestica), mean weight of 53.7 kg (range 49.9-60.8 kg) were used for these studies. 1 Advanced Information Engineering Services, A General Dynamics Company, 3276 Reliance Loop, San Antonio, TX 78235.…”

Section: Animal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incapacitation results from muscle contractions generated by electric pulses from the device. In a laboratory study, TASER International’s Advanced TASER M26 device was the only device (out of five models that were evaluated) to effectively incapacitate conscious swine that were exposed (1). TASER International’s latest model for law‐enforcement personnel is the Advanced TASER X26 device (M26 and X26 are trademarks of TASER International, Inc. TASER ® is a registered trademark of TASER International, Inc.).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER^® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Beason

Jauchem²,

Clark

et al. 2009

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Conducted energy weapons (such as the Advanced TASER X26 model produced by TASER International), incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, a "Modifiable Electronic Stimulator" was used to evaluate the effects of changing various parameters of the stimulating pulse. Muscle contraction was affected by pulse power, net/gross charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency. The contraction force increased linearly as each of these factors was increased. Elimination of a precursor pulse from X26-like pulses did not have a significant effect on the normalized force measured. Muscle-contraction force increased as the spacing increased from 5 to 20 cm, with no further change in force above 20 cm of spacing. Therefore, it is suggested that any future developments of new conducted energy weapons should include placement of electrodes a minimum of 20 cm apart so that efficiency of the system is not degraded. In the current study, the 50% probability of fibrillation level of X26-like pulses ranged from 4 to 5 times higher than the X26 itself. Relatively large variations about the X26 operating level were found not to result in fibrillation or asystole. Therefore, it should be possible to design and build an X26-type device that operates efficiently at levels higher than the X26.

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“…Incapacitation results from muscle contractions generated by electric pulses from the device. In a laboratory study, TASER International’s Advanced TASER M26 ECD (Scottsdale, AZ) was the only device (out of five models evaluated) to effectively incapacitate conscious swine that were exposed (1). TASER International’s latest model for law‐enforcement personnel is the Advanced TASER X26 ECD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Contraction During Electro‐muscular Incapacitation: A Comparison Between Square‐wave Pulses and the TASER^® X26 Electronic Control Device*

Comeaux

Jauchem

Cox

et al. 2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Electronic control devices (including the Advanced TASER(®) X26 model produced by TASER International) incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, effects of monophasic square waves with different parameters were compared with those of the X26 electronic control device, using two animal models (frogs and swine). Pulse power, electrical pulse charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency affected muscle contraction. There was no difference in the charge required, between the square waveform and the X26 waveform, to cause approximately the same muscle-contraction response (in terms of the strength-duration curve). Thus, on the basis of these initial studies, the detailed shape of a waveform may not be important in terms of generating electro-muscular incapacitation. More detailed studies, however, may be required to thoroughly test all potential waveforms to be considered for future use in ECDs.

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An Evaluation of the Electrical Properties and Bio-Behavioral Effects of Four Commercially Available Tasers and the JAYCOR Sticky Shocker

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER^® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Muscle Contraction During Electro‐muscular Incapacitation: A Comparison Between Square‐wave Pulses and the TASER^® X26 Electronic Control Device*

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An Evaluation of the Electrical Properties and Bio-Behavioral Effects of Four Commercially Available Tasers and the JAYCOR Sticky Shocker

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device - A Limited Analysis of the TASER. Part 1. Technical Report

Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Muscle Contraction During Electro‐muscular Incapacitation: A Comparison Between Square‐wave Pulses and the TASER® X26 Electronic Control Device*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER^® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Muscle Contraction During Electro‐muscular Incapacitation: A Comparison Between Square‐wave Pulses and the TASER^® X26 Electronic Control Device*