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The rostral part of the bovine vomeronasal complex was examined to determine its relationships to structures of the palate which are compressed by the tongue during investigative sexual behavior. The rostral vomeronasal cartilage (VNC) is C-shaped and contains the incisive duct (ID). The hilus of the cartilage is directed medially, approximately 0.5 cm dorsal to the palate. Just caudal to the origin of the vomeronasal duct, the VCN lies approximately 1 cm above the palate with a ventrally oriented hilus containing the ID. Further caudally, the hilus is directed laterally, toward the nasal cavity. Palatal mucosa occupies the intervomeronasal, cartilaginous area below the nasal septum and caudal to the incisive papilla. This mucosa and the ID appear to be compressed by the bull’s everted tongue, forcing fluid samples into the vomeronasal system.

"The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gatherng mnd maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display s currently valid OMB control number. 12. DISTRIBUTIONIAVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. PLEASE DO NOT SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACT A Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization for Electromuscular Incapacitation (EMI) reflects the results from three workshops (data gathering/sharing, peer consultation, and independent external review) evaluating two EMI devices: the M26 and X26 TASERs. The intended effect of these devices is electromuscular disruption. Key potential unintended effects included ocular injury, seizures, ventricular fibrillation, or fall injuries. The likelihood of these effects were determined, based on an analysis of the TASER International Database (scrubbed to minimize false positives) and modeling. The probability of inducing a complete EMD ranges from 74% to 52% depending on distance to the target. Probability estimates were up to 0.04% for eye "strikes and 0.15% for fall injuries depending on distance to the target. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is not expected to occur in an otherwise healthy adult population. Key data gaps include the biological basis for TASER effects and appropriate dosimetry. The results support the conclusion that the M26 and X26 TASERs are generally effective for their intended use. SUBJECT TERMS ABSTRACTA Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization (HERC) for Electromuscular Incapacitation (EMI; also referred to as Electromuscular Disruption (EMD) when describing the intended effect of the TASER® products) devices has been conducted in an effort organized by the Human Effects Center of Excellence (HECOE). This HERC reflects the results from a three-workshop process with sequential workshops held for data gathering and sharing, peer consultation, and independent external review of the HERC document. This HERC included two EMI devices manufactured by TASER International, the M26 and X26 TASERs®.Probability estimates as well as data gaps and uncertainties were characterized for intended and potential unintended effects of the devices. The intended effect of the TASER is electromuscular disruption. During EMD, the individual experiences tetany and is temporarily incapacitated. Key potential unintended effects tha...