Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER^® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Abstract

Conducted energy weapons (such as the Advanced TASER X26 model produced by TASER International), incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, a "Modifiable Electronic Stimulator" was used to evaluate the effects of changing various parameters of the stimulating pulse. Muscle contraction was affected by pulse power, net/gross charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency. The contraction force increased linearly as each of these factors was increased. Elimination of a precursor pulse from X26-like pulses did not have a significant effect on the normalized force measured. Muscle-contraction force increased as the spacing increased from 5 to 20 cm, with no further change in force above 20 cm of spacing. Therefore, it is suggested that any future developments of new conducted energy weapons should include placement of electrodes a minimum of 20 cm apart so that efficiency of the system is not degraded. In the current study, the 50% probability of fibrillation level of X26-like pulses ranged from 4 to 5 times higher than the X26 itself. Relatively large variations about the X26 operating level were found not to result in fibrillation or asystole. Therefore, it should be possible to design and build an X26-type device that operates efficiently at levels higher than the X26.

Physiological effects of the TASER® C2 conducted energy weapon

“…One dart was placed *5 cm to the right of the midline (*13 cm cranially from the xiphoid process); the other was placed *7 cm left of the umbilicus (resulting in *30 cm separation between darts diagonally). (On the basis of previous studies [13], the degree of muscle contraction caused by a TASER CEW does not increase appreciably with any wider dart separation.) Pigs were then exposed to the output of the C2 CEW device.…”

Acute effects of an alternative electronic-control-device waveform in swine

“…An illustration of the waveform used in the present experiments was presented previously [4,17]. The stimulator is a small low-to moderate-energy repetitively pulsed electric pulse generator that will allow pulse amplitude, pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate to be varied.…”

Pathophysiologic changes due to TASER® devices versus excited delirium: Potential relevance to deaths-in-custody?

“…Despite these findings, cardiac events such as VF are still unlikely to occur, in most cases, as a result of any direct effect of ECD pulses on the heart. 50 There was no VF in animals that expired after extreme ECD exposures, 12 but rather respiratory arrest with organized QRS electrical activity. Thus there was possibly pulseless electrical activity.…”