An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Antiperspirant Preparations Using Frog Membrane and Radioactive Tracer Techniques†

Urakami, Chieko; Christian, John E.

doi:10.1002/jps.3030420316

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…are checked. Urakami and Christian (79), in one attempt to further refine the in vitro evaluation of antiperspirant formulations and active agents per se, developed a technique utilizing the permeability of frog membrane. The method was based on the previous observation that the permeability of the membrane to iodide and sodium ions increased after treatment with aluminum salt astringents.…”

Section: Well-known Quantitative Technique Is Illustrated By the Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects of Toiletries Technology

Kennon¹

1965

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Well-known Quantitative Technique Is Illustrated By the Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects of Toiletries Technology

Kennon¹

1965

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Finally, the most sophisticated, expensive, and complex techniques rest on measurements of the amount of water vapor which appears in a dry inert gas passed through a cup covering a known area of axillary skin. This is achieved by (i) weighing the cryo-condensate (7,96) or (ii) determining the rela tive humidity by wet and dry bulb readings (88) or (iii) determining the moisture content electronically (1, 26,146,156), for example with a film (18) or plastic sensor (96,113) or electrolytic sulfuric acid cell (23), or by (iv) measurements based on infra red gas analysis (13,100,152). A major defect in all of the available quantitative metbods is that the emotional sweating response is assessed only for minutes.…”

Section: The Nature Of Axillary Sweating and Hyperhidrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our experiences have demonstrated to us that the proper subject for the study of axillary anti perspirants is the axilla of the hyperhidrotic. Screen ing tests may be done on egg albumin (48), casein (20), frog skin (146), the mouse foot pad (74), the forearm or back (J 62), but relevant useful data still must be secured by observing the effects on the axilla of the individual afflicted with the problem. (73.…”

Section: Discusslonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis

Shelley¹,

Hurley²

1975

Acta Derm Venereol

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Axillary hyperhidrotics is reviewed from the standpoint of anatomical factors, physiological mechanisms and the history of methods of control. Anhydrous aluminum chloride and anhydrous zirconium tetrachloride are shown to be superior topical agents for partial control of axillary sweating when applied as a powder or in anhydrous nonreactive vehicles. Complete anhidrosis as demonstrated by sustained garment armpit dryness could be achieved in hyperhidrotics within 48 hours by the following trinary antiperspirant system: (1) a saturated solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate or zirconyl chloride in absolute ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, (2) application to the dry axilla at times of sleep or other prolonged non-sweating period, (3) water vapor occlusion of area for 6 to 8 hours by means of Saran wrap. The hypothesis is presented that metallic antiperspirants act by reflux entrance into the terminal intraepidermal eccrine duct, slowly combining with the intraductal keratin, to produce a fibrillar contraction (super contraction) of keratin and hence functional closure, not histologically evident. This altered keratin is shed weeks later, with the consequent return of ductal patency and sweating.

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“…More serious than these factors, however, is the determination of absorption by difference between the original a.nd remaining activity. Rather extensive studies of the iodide ion permeability of frog membrane and the effect of astringent substances on such permeability have been made using iodine131 as a tracer (38)(39)(40)(41). Davson and Danielli (42) as early as 1943 had suggested that radioactive tracers should be extremely useful in such studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%