Some Aspects of Toiletries Technology

Kennon, Lloyd

doi:10.1002/jps.2600540602

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Although the effect of the commonly used antiperspirant active ACH is, in the published knowledge, ascribed to its plug formation in the eSG duct and resulting blockage of sweat secretion [36–40], some early studies investigating the mechanism of action of ACH postulate the site of action to lie below the superficial skin layer outreaching the physical blockage of the gland [41,42]. Our in vitro screening results strongly support the latter hypothesis and show ACH to influence the ion equilibrium in eSG cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Quantitative ion determination in eccrine sweat gland cells correlates to sweat reduction of antiperspirant actives

Welzel

Grüdl

Welss

et al. 2021

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Objective Axillary wetness represents an unwanted effect of the physiologically vital sweating mechanism, especially when it becomes excessive. Cosmetic products reducing sweat secretion rely on aluminium salts as the active ingredient acting by physically blocking the sweat gland. Driven by the interest to better understand the sweat mechanism and to develop alternative technologies against excessive sweating a search for an effective testing approach started as up to now, cost‐ and time‐consuming in vivo studies represent the standard procedure for testing and identifying these alternatives. Material and methods The herein described in vitro test system is based on the measurement of intracellular changes of the ion equilibrium in cultured eccrine sweat gland cells. Subsequently, in vivo studies on the back of volunteers were conducted to verify the sweat‐reducing effect of in vitro newly discovered substance. Results In this study, we describe an effective cell‐based in vitro method as a potent tool for a more targeted screening of alternatives to aluminium salts. Testing the commonly used aluminium chlorohydrate as one example of an aluminium‐based active in this screening procedure, we discovered a distinct influence on the ion equilibrium: Intracellular levels of sodium ions were decreased while those of chloride increased. Screening of various substances revealed a polyethyleneimine, adjusted to pH 3.5 with hydrochloric acid, to evoke the same alterations in the ion equilibrium as aluminium chlorohydrate. Subsequent in vivo studies showed its substantial antiperspirant action and confirmed the high efficiency of the polyethyleneimine solution in vivo. Further, specific investigations connecting the chloride content of the tested substances with the resulting sweat reduction pointed towards a substantial impact of the chloride ions on sweating. Conclusion The newly described in vitro cell‐based screening method represents an effective means for identifying new antiperspirant actives and suggests an additional biological mechanism of action of sweat‐reducing ingredients which is directed towards unbalancing of the ion equilibrium inside eccrine sweat gland cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Quantitative ion determination in eccrine sweat gland cells correlates to sweat reduction of antiperspirant actives

Welzel

Grüdl

Welss

et al. 2021

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…Antiperspirant activity has been elicited primarily by the topical application of multivalent metals in ionic form (38). Antiperspirant activity has been elicited primarily by the topical application of multivalent metals in ionic form (38).…”

Section: Figure 4-comparatiue Permeability Of Aspirin (Curue 3 ) Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminum chlorohydrate I: Structure studies

Teagarden¹,

Kozlowski²,

White³

et al. 1981

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…The subsequent research and development in the field has been truly phenomenal, with a vast litera ture spreading throughout medical reviews (58) and monographs (38,107,139), cosmetic and phar macy texts and reporls (4,25,47,76,77,99,154,158,164), foreign articles (54), the patent files (30), and still much remains as hiclden data within the com panies themselves. To date, the mos!…”

Section: Il Methods Of Control Of Axillary Hyperhidrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hcxachlorophene, surfactants, humectants and buffers were added with the consummate art of professional com pounding, but always withoul any increasc in effectivencss. Tt became evident that the aluminum salts could show optimal antiperspirant activity only when they were p1csented to 1he skin in ionic form (76). The highly complcx organic vchicles Acta Derma101•e11cr (StocJ..holm) 55 proved to be a chemical hindrance to the reaction of the aluminum on tbe skin.…”

Section: Il Methods Of Control Of Axillary Hyperhidrosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis

Shelley¹,

Hurley²

1975

Acta Derm Venereol

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Axillary hyperhidrotics is reviewed from the standpoint of anatomical factors, physiological mechanisms and the history of methods of control. Anhydrous aluminum chloride and anhydrous zirconium tetrachloride are shown to be superior topical agents for partial control of axillary sweating when applied as a powder or in anhydrous nonreactive vehicles. Complete anhidrosis as demonstrated by sustained garment armpit dryness could be achieved in hyperhidrotics within 48 hours by the following trinary antiperspirant system: (1) a saturated solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate or zirconyl chloride in absolute ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, (2) application to the dry axilla at times of sleep or other prolonged non-sweating period, (3) water vapor occlusion of area for 6 to 8 hours by means of Saran wrap. The hypothesis is presented that metallic antiperspirants act by reflux entrance into the terminal intraepidermal eccrine duct, slowly combining with the intraductal keratin, to produce a fibrillar contraction (super contraction) of keratin and hence functional closure, not histologically evident. This altered keratin is shed weeks later, with the consequent return of ductal patency and sweating.

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Some Aspects of Toiletries Technology

Cited by 5 publications

References 50 publications

Quantitative ion determination in eccrine sweat gland cells correlates to sweat reduction of antiperspirant actives

Quantitative ion determination in eccrine sweat gland cells correlates to sweat reduction of antiperspirant actives

Aluminum chlorohydrate I: Structure studies

Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis

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