An Electrodeposited MXene‐Ti₃C₂T_x Nanosheets Functionalized by Task‐Specific Ionic Liquid for Simultaneous and Multiplexed Detection of Bladder Cancer Biomarkers

Abstract

MXenes (with chemical formula M n+1 X n T x , where M = transition metals such as Ti, Sc, V, Nb, Mo, and Cr; X = C and/or N; T x = surface functional groups, such as OH, O, and minor F; n = 1, 2, or 3) are synthesized by selectively etching Agroup sp elements (typically group III A or IV A such as Al or Ga) from layered parent ternary MAX phases (with chemical formula Mn + 1AXn, where, A = elements from groups 13 and 14, such as Al, Ga, C, and Si). [3] To date, families of MXenes comprising more than 30 members have been successfully synthesized, such as Ti 2 CT x , V 2 CT x , Mo 2 CT x , and Ti 3 C 2 T x. [3] Among them, MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets (MXNSs) is the most promising and wellstudied candidate owing to its optimized synthesis, high metallic conductivity, high strength, high stability, excellent catalytic properties, and hydrophilicity with various surface functionalities. [1,4,5] Owing to its versatile chemistry, MXNSs is a promising candidate in a plethora of applications, including supercapacitors, energy storage, [6,7] electronics, [8] and catalysis, [5] In addition, MXNSs have recently emerged as excellent transducing electrode material in electrochemical biosensing owing to its active inherent electrochemistry compared with other 2D nanomaterials. Hitherto, several biosensors based on MXNSs have been utilized for the detection of prostate specific antigen, [9] phenol, [10] microRNA-182, [11] glucose, [12] acetaminophen, and isoniazid. [13] In the fabrication of advanced biosensors, the most challenging issue of arranging nanomaterials into a particular position on a patterned electrode with controlled architecture, morphology, and thickness should be solved. Many chemicals, as well as physical deposition techniques, have been established to assemble 2D nanomaterials (graphene, CNT, MoS 2 , and MXene) over electrodes. Currently, the most popular approaches for assembling 2D nanomaterials onto electrodes for sensing rely on chemical deposition techniques, for example, layer-by-layer assembly, [14,15] spin coating, [16] inkjet printing, [17] spray coating, [18] vacuum filtration, [19] and Controlled deposition of 2D multilayered nanomaterials onto different electrodes to design a highly sensitive biosensing platform utilizing their active inherent electrochemistry is extremely challenging. Herein, a green, facile, and cost-effective one-pot deposition mechanism of 2D MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets (MXNSs) onto conductive electrodes within few minutes via electroplating (termed electroMXenition) is reported for the first time. The redox reaction in the colloidal MXNS solution under the effect of a constant applied potential generates an electric field, which drives the nanoparticles toward a specific electrode interface such that they are cathodically electroplated. A task-specific ionic liquid, that is, 4-amino-1-(4-formyl-benzyl) pyridinium bromide (AFBPB), is exploited as a multiplex host arena for the substantial immobilization of MXNSs and covalent binding of antibodies. A miniaturized, singl...

Application of MXene in Electrochemical Sensors: A Review

“…In the fabrication of various electrochemical sensing devices, arranging nanomaterials into a particular position on a patterned electrode with controlled architecture, morphology, and thickness is a most challenging issue [97]. For obtaining large-scale and high-quality MXene nanosheets thin films, Sharifuzzaman, M. et al [97] reported a green, facile, and cost-effective one-pot deposition mechanism of Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets (Figure 20). They demonstrated that Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets can be precisely and uniformly deposited on different sensing electrodes at room temperature within a few minutes via electroplating technique using a DMSO suspension with colloidal Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets as an electrolyte.…”

“…In the fabrication of various electrochemical sensing devices, arranging nanomaterials into a particular position on a patterned electrode with controlled architecture, morphology, and thickness is a most challenging issue [97]. For obtaining large-scale and high-quality MXene nanosheets thin films, Sharifuzzaman, M. et al [97] reported a green, facile, and cost-effective one-pot deposition mechanism of Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets (Figure 20).…”

“…For obtaining large‐scale and high‐quality MXene nanosheets thin films, Sharifuzzaman, M. et al. [97] reported a green, facile, and cost‐effective one‐pot deposition mechanism of Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets (Figure 20). They demonstrated that Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets can be precisely and uniformly deposited on different sensing electrodes at room temperature within a few minutes via electroplating technique using a DMSO suspension with colloidal Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets as an electrolyte.…”

Recent advances in MXene-based force sensors: a mini-review

“…20 To obtain better quality monolayer MXene, many new improvements have been proposed. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), 21,22 N-methyl-2pyrrolidone (NMP), 23 and DMSO [24][25][26] are proved to be "good solvents" for Ti 3 C 2 T x akes by Gogotsi et al 27 Zhang et al successfully developed a tuned microenvironment method (TMM) for the preparation of highly concentrated MXene organic solvents to obtain a large delaminated product yield, which can easily achieve a yield of 63.9% for a single layer of MXene and close to 100% if the material is continuously collected. 21 Better solubility and single-layer MXene production will signicantly increase productivity and reduce costs, laying a good foundation for large-scale hardware fabrication.…”

β‐Phase‐Rich Laser‐Induced Hierarchically Interactive MXene Reinforced Carbon Nanofibers for Multifunctional Breathable Bioelectronics

“…Among them, 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets-based silk textiles, fabrics, and nanofibers have attracted much attention owing to their exciting combination of electrical, electrochemical (abundant surface functional groups), and mechanical properties. [22][23][24][25] The uniaxial elongation of the PNFs during the electrospinning process and enriched hydrogen (H) bond between PDFE and nanofillers reinforce the polar crystalline β-phase. [26] With the impregnation of MXene into PDFE electrospinning solution, the H bonds form between the electronegative surface terminations (OH, O, and F) of MXene with the positive H and F atoms in PDFE due to the strong electrostatic attraction.…”