An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach

Håkanson, Lars

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8

Cited by 6,606 publications

(4,001 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…According to Hakanson (1980) and Xu et al (2008), the T i values for Hg, Cd, As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn are 40, 30, 10, 5, 5, 5, 2, and 1, respectively. The ratio f i is the metal pollution factor calculated from the measured concentration C i and the background concentration B i in unpolluted soils.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…EFs for all the heavy metals measured in this study except Co and Fe were calculated using Mn as the reference metal, and five levels of enrichment were classified for the heavy metals in the soils based on their EF values (Table S4). The potential ecological risk of heavy metal pollutants in the surface soils of the PRD was evaluated using the ecological risk index (RI) introduced by Hakanson (1980). The RI was calculated as the sum of risk factors of the heavy metals:…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Liu

Bai

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

464

154

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Heavy metals in the surface soils from lands of six different use types in one of the world's most densely populated regions, which is also a major global manufacturing base, were analyzed to assess the impact of urbanization and industrialization on soil pollution. A total of 227 surface soil samples were collected and analyzed for major heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate analysis combined with enrichment factors showed that surface soils from the region (>7.2×10 4 km 2 ) had mean Cd, Cu, Zn, and As concentrations that were over two times higher than the background values, with Cd, Cu, and Zn clearly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Soil pollution by Pb was more widespread than the other heavy metals, which was contributed mostly by anthropogenic sources. The results also indicate that Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, and Ni in the surface soils were primarily derived from lithogenic sources, while Hg and As contents in the surface soils were controlled by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The pollution level and potential ecological risk of the surface soils both decreased in the order of: urban areas>waste disposal/treatment sites∼industrial areas>agri-cultural lands∼forest lands>water source protection areas. These results indicate the significant need for the development of pollution prevention and reduction strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution for regions undergoing fast industrialization and urbanization.

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Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Liu

Bai

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

464

154

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, Cr was more accumulated in the surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay than the others, which could be reflected by their enrichment factor (EF) values; based on the criteria in Hakanson (1980), the pollution potential of Cu, Pb and Zn was negligible to low contamination for their EF values were b2 except in some riverine and several clayey silt intertidal sediments (Gao and Chen, 2012;Gao and Li, 2012). Guo et al (2010) reported that the order of EFs of trace metals in the sediments of the Dongjiang Harbor, Tianjin was AsNZnNCuNHgNPbNCd.…”

Section: The Situation Of the Bohai Baymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution status of the Bohai Sea: An overview of the environmental quality assessment related trace metals

Gao

Zhou

Chen

2014

Environment International

311

157

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It is well recognized that the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea is being rapidly degraded and the Sea has basically lost its function as a fishing ground. Billions of funds have been spent in slowing down, halting and finally reversing the environmental deterioration of the Bohai Sea. Although trace metals are routinely monitored, the data with high temporal resolution for a clear understanding of biogeochemical processes in the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea are insufficient, especially in the western literature. In this review, status of trace metal contamination in the Bohai Sea is assessed based on a comprehensive review of their concentrations recorded in the waters, sediments and organisms over the past decades. Studies show that metal contamination in the Bohai Sea is closely associated with the fast economic growth in the past decades. Concentrations of trace metals are high in coastal areas especially in the estuaries. Alarmingly high metal concentrations are observed in the waters, sediments and organisms from the western Bohai Bay and the northern Liaodong Bay, especially the coasts near Huludao in the northernmost area of the Bohai Sea, which is being polluted by industrial sewage from the surrounding areas. The knowledge of the speciation and fractionation of trace metals and the influence of submarine groundwater discharge on the biogeochemistry of trace metals in the Bohai Sea is far from enough and related work needs to be done urgently to get a better understanding of the influence of trace metals on the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea. A clear understanding of the trace metal pollution status of the Bohai Sea could not be achieved presently for lack of systematic cooperation in different research fields. It is quite necessary to apply the environmental and ecological modeling to the investigation of trace metals in the Bohai Sea and then provide foundations for the protection of the environment and ecosystem of the Bohai Sea.

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“…Three methods of pollution assessment of heavy metals were conducted here, including the Single factor index method, Nemerow pollution index method, and Hakanson potential ecological risk index (Hakanson, 1980). The single factor index method was applied to assess the pollution degree of one pollutant in the sediment samples (Chen, 2010).…”

Section: Pollution Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential ecological risk index, which was introduced originally by Hakanson (1980), could be used to evaluate the ecological risk by considering the toxicity of the pollutant and a comparison between the concentration of the pollutant and the background value. The method has been widely applied in the assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediment.…”

Section: Pollution Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Yellow River, China

Yan

Liu

Xie

et al. 2016

Journal of Environmental Sciences

137

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Large amounts of heavy metals discharged by industrial cities that are located along the middle reach of Yellow River, China have detrimental impacts on both the ecological environment and human health. In this study, fourteen surface sediment samples were taken in the middle reach of the Yellow River. Contents of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, As were measured, and the pollution status was assessed using three widely used pollution assessment methods, including the single factor index method, Nemerow pollution index method and potential ecological risk index. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals

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An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach

Cited by 6,606 publications

References 10 publications

Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Pollution status of the Bohai Sea: An overview of the environmental quality assessment related trace metals

Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Yellow River, China

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