Abstract:Background
Physicochemical and microbiological methods are found in the literature for the analysis of daptomycin, an antimicrobial.
Objective
This paper brings a miniaturized turbidimetric microbiological method for analysis of daptomycin in lyophilized powder.
Methods
The method was performed using 96-well microplates, 4-hours incubation, 2, 4 and 8 μg/mL, … Show more
“…Besides the use of no toxic solvents, it is possible to make these methods become greener, following the Green Analytical Chemistry principles (20)(21)(22). One alternative is the miniaturized analyzes, which are made using smaller amounts of sample and standard volume, as well as diluents, which generates less waste, makes the methods more economical and dynamic (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). So, the objective of this work is to develop a miniaturized method by spectrophotometric in UV region for quantification of vancomycin in lyophilized powder.…”
Vancomycin, an important antibiotic, is marketed as lyophilized powder. In the context of routine analysis of this product, the existence of a more advantageous and effective method is interesting. Thus, the objective of this work is to develop and validate a new analytical method, faster, low-cost, ecological and miniaturized for quantification of vancomycin in lyophilized powder using spectrophotometry in ultraviolet region. Buffer solution pH 6.8, quartz cuvette with capacity of 700 µL and 280 nm were chosen. The method proved to be linear in the range of 50-150 µg/mL (0.9997). The selectivity of the method was proven in two ways: The standard-sample overlay aimed to identify vancomycin in the sample; The forced degradation test (sample solutions prepared in 0.01 M HCl, 0.01 M NaOH and aqueous conditions and kept at 60 ºC by 8 hours, and UV 254 nm at ambient temperature during 24 hours) aimed to show the susceptibility of the method to consequently indicate the stability of the sample. It was precise in intraday (RSD 1.27%), interday (RSD 1.18%) and between analysts (RSD 1.92%) levels. It was robust when small variations were performed in seven important parameters (wavelength, cuvette, filtration step, dibasic and monobasic phosphate brand, ultrasound time and source of water). The accuracy was proved by the standard recovery test and showed mean recovery of 101.10%. This method can be applied in routine analysis of quality control of vancomycin lyophilized powder and it is an effective, accessible and ecological alternative, which follows the Green Analytical Chemistry principles, presenting less waste generation, no use of toxic solvents, smaller sample volumes and required diluents, which impacts on the final cost of the analyzes.
“…Besides the use of no toxic solvents, it is possible to make these methods become greener, following the Green Analytical Chemistry principles (20)(21)(22). One alternative is the miniaturized analyzes, which are made using smaller amounts of sample and standard volume, as well as diluents, which generates less waste, makes the methods more economical and dynamic (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). So, the objective of this work is to develop a miniaturized method by spectrophotometric in UV region for quantification of vancomycin in lyophilized powder.…”
Vancomycin, an important antibiotic, is marketed as lyophilized powder. In the context of routine analysis of this product, the existence of a more advantageous and effective method is interesting. Thus, the objective of this work is to develop and validate a new analytical method, faster, low-cost, ecological and miniaturized for quantification of vancomycin in lyophilized powder using spectrophotometry in ultraviolet region. Buffer solution pH 6.8, quartz cuvette with capacity of 700 µL and 280 nm were chosen. The method proved to be linear in the range of 50-150 µg/mL (0.9997). The selectivity of the method was proven in two ways: The standard-sample overlay aimed to identify vancomycin in the sample; The forced degradation test (sample solutions prepared in 0.01 M HCl, 0.01 M NaOH and aqueous conditions and kept at 60 ºC by 8 hours, and UV 254 nm at ambient temperature during 24 hours) aimed to show the susceptibility of the method to consequently indicate the stability of the sample. It was precise in intraday (RSD 1.27%), interday (RSD 1.18%) and between analysts (RSD 1.92%) levels. It was robust when small variations were performed in seven important parameters (wavelength, cuvette, filtration step, dibasic and monobasic phosphate brand, ultrasound time and source of water). The accuracy was proved by the standard recovery test and showed mean recovery of 101.10%. This method can be applied in routine analysis of quality control of vancomycin lyophilized powder and it is an effective, accessible and ecological alternative, which follows the Green Analytical Chemistry principles, presenting less waste generation, no use of toxic solvents, smaller sample volumes and required diluents, which impacts on the final cost of the analyzes.
Background
Cephalothin (CET), a first generation cephalosporin, is the most efficient cephalosporin against resistant microorganisms. Many studies found in literature and pharmacopeias proposes analytical methods and, as most commonly, HPLC and microbiological assays.
Objective
This paper shows a brief review of analytical method to quantify CET with a green analytical chemistry approach.
Methods
The research data were collected from the literature and official compendia.
Results
Most of the analytical methods to determine CET were performed by HPLC and agar diffusion in pharmaceuticals, blood, urine or water. Other analytical methods were found, as UV, Vis, iodometry, fluorimetry, IR/Raman, electrochemical among others, but, in less quantity. One important aspect is that these methods use organic and toxic solvents like methanol and acetonitrile, and only about 4% of the methods found uses water as solvent.
Conclusions
In this way, researches about analytical methods focused on green analytical chemistry for CET are of great importance and very relevant to optimize its analysis in pharmaceutical industries and to guarantee the quality of the product. More than just the development of new techniques it is possible to enhance of the ones that already exists applying the green analytical chemistry principles. In this way, it will be possible to reduce the environment impacts caused by these analytical procedures.
Highlights
This work shows a brief review of literature and pharmacopeias of analytical methods to quantify CET. Its quality control can be updated to meet the needs of current analytical chemistry and to fit into sustainable and eco-friendly analyzes.
Background
Marbofloxacin (MAR), a second-generation fluoroquinolone, is used in veterinary medicine in the form of tablets. It has a broad spectrum of action, low toxicity, and limited development of bacterial resistance. The analytical methods available in the literature become more important since MAR in tablets does not have a monograph in official compendiums.
Objective
Thus, the purpose of this review is to display them according to the analyzed matrix and place them according to the conditions used in the scope of green analytical chemistry, in addition to discussing possible gaps and opportunities for the development of new methods.
Results
MAR, being an antimicrobial, presents both physical-chemical (93%) and microbiological (7%) methods in the literature. Among the methods found, 53% are for analysis of food matrices using preferably HPLC and TLC-MS. 27% are for analysis of biological matrices and 20% are for analysis of pharmaceutical matrices, and in both HPLC is preferably used.
Conclusions
Therefore, there is still a gap in the literature in relation to other options of analytical methods for the analysis of MAR, which are faster, such as microbiological turbidimetry, sustainable, such as miniaturized methods, and ecologically correct, such as those that do not usetoxic organic solvents.
Highlights
A review of the status of analytical methods available in the literature for assessing the quality of MAR and MAR-based products were exhibited and discussed, as well as new opportunities for analysis according to green analytical chemistry.
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