An assessment of evidence data gaps in the investigation of possible transmission routes of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from livestock to humans in the UK

Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project)

“…the relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial‐resistant infections in livestock and humans. However, these often investigate a single exposure (e.g., use of fluoroquinolones) and its association with resistance to a single antimicrobial agent in a particular bacteria (i.e., hazard) in a single population (e.g., fluoroquinolone‐resistant Campylobacter in broiler chicken) (Hao et al, ; Horigan, Kosmider, Horton, Randall, & Simons, ; Hurd, Vaughn, Holtkamp, Dickson, & Warnick, ; Lewis et al, ; McEwen, ), and not the over‐all contribution of antimicrobial use, or the complexity of the epidemiology on the occurrence of resistance (e.g., multiple antimicrobials, bacteria, genes, host population, levels of aggregation, metrics of measurement and pathways of exposure).…”

Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the local farm environment and livestock: challenges to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

“…Resistance genes can be transferred to other bacteria, even within a distantly related genus, through HGT with mobile elements such as bacteriophages, plasmids, and transposons (Andersson and Hughes 2010). However, due to the magnitude and complexity of the transmission and natural occurrence of ARMs at the interfaces, the process by which resistance is transferred between cattle and the environment within the food-animal production systems is poorly understood (Horigan et al 2016). In this section, we summarise several studies which reported HGT and clonal transmission of ARMs between livestock and the environment to build a basic understanding of the transmission dynamics of ESBL-producing bacteria to postulate possible routes for colonisation of these bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle raised without antibiotic use.…”

“…In addition, the transmission rates of ARMs via different vehicles or sources need to be quantified, and modelling of transmission should be developed with such results to evaluate the risks of transmission at the interfaces and colonisation of ARMs in hosts. There are still data gaps to quantify the relative contribution of each factor responsible for ARMs transmission in the beef cattle industry (Horigan et al 2016), indicating the urgency of collecting ecological and epidemiological data for mitigation of AR. Currently, there are available alternatives to antibiotics, such as prebiotics and probiotics, phage therapy, vaccines, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial polymers, and combination of synergistic antibiotics , although the effectiveness of these methods are not fully evaluated.…”

Impact of disease in dairy cows on ceftiofur pharmacokinetics, withdrawal times and emergence of antimicrobial resistance

“…As there is potential for fecal contamination during the harvest process, both food sources could potentially deliver antimicrobial resistant bacteria to the consumer. Data gaps on the level of risk associated with the consumption of milk and dairy products are evident, particularly for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) prevalence in pre-pasteurized milk, whether from conventional or organic dairies (Horigan et al, 2016). A PubMed search using the keywords "ESBL" and "bulk tank milk" generated only four pieces of literature on the subject.…”

“…One of the biggest challenges proving associations between ceftiofur usage and resistance among fecal NTS E. coli at the animal level is a failure to access individual animal records and quantitate antimicrobial usage (Horigan et al, 2016). There has been a plethora of studies looking at herd level associations between various antimicrobials and the presence of important resistance genes, but few have specifically accounted for individual antimicrobial usage and resistance patterns at the animal level One of the more highly cited dairy surveys is work done by Tragesser et al (2006).…”