“…In Europe, inter-port competition is intense (Sanchez Rodrigues et al, 2014;Notteboom and Yap, 2012). Useful applications have considered for example competition and cooperation strategies amongst container hub ports and shipping companies within a game theoretic design model (Anderson et al, 2008;Asgari et al, 2013), but they rarely focused on the competitiveness of particular container terminals (Saeed and Larsen, 2010). An understanding of the determinants of competitiveness assists TOCs to formulate effective strategies (Lee and Kim, 2011).…”