An allomaltol derivative triggers distinct death pathways in luminal a and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes

Biological activities and safety data of kojic acid and its derivatives: A review

“…The reduction of cutaneous adverse effects like skin irritation and redness is another reason for the use of such derivatives. [16][17][18] The high number of researches with derivatives indicates that, despite the potential observed in the original molecule, changes in its structure can solve problems such as stability and adverse effects. Also, it is interesting to notice that only one-third of the selected articles did not perform safety evaluations (in vitro or in vivo).…”

“…The main reasons reported for the use of derivatives are stability improvement (since kojic acid is easily oxidized, leading to colour changes in commercial products) and enhancement of its activity. The reduction of cutaneous adverse effects like skin irritation and redness is another reason for the use of such derivatives 16–18 . The high number of researches with derivatives indicates that, despite the potential observed in the original molecule, changes in its structure can solve problems such as stability and adverse effects.…”

“…Antitumoral activity of kojic acid derivatives against different kinds of cancer cell lines has been reported. The cancerous cell lines studied were malignant melanoma, 17 hepatocellular carcinoma, 68 ovarian cancer, 69 breast cancer 16 and colon cancer 60 . Investigations reported the use of kojic acid derivatives in order either to improve the molecule stability, enhance its effects and decrease its cytotoxicity or to test a new compound.…”

Anticancer Activity of Mannich Bases: A Review of Recent Literature

“…carcinoma cells, and the use of the piperidine Mannich bases in investigating its mechanism of action showed that it triggered apoptosis by increasing the levels of intracellular ROS, induction of TP53 gene, and activation of caspase 3/7 [65] . In another series of Mannich bases of allomaltol, compound 51 (R =H, R 1 =3,4‐Cl 2 ) (Figure 7) was found to be the most potent against MCF‐7 cells (IC 50 = 97 μM) and also against MDA‐MB‐231 (IC 50 = 48 μM), and investigation of its mechanism of action demonstrated that apoptosis occurred predominantly either through a p53‐dependent or through a p53‐independent mechanism, depending of the type of breast cancer cell involved [66] . The best IC 50 value of a Mannich base 53 (Figure 7) obtained from kojic acid as substrate and ciprofloxacin as amine reagent was against HCT‐116 human hepatoma cell line (IC 50 =88 μM), while the copper complex of compound 53 was more potent against HepG2 (IC 50 =11 μM) [67] .…”

“…[65] In another series of Mannich bases of allomaltol, compound 51 (R = H, R 1 = 3,4-Cl 2 ) (Figure 7) was found to be the most potent against MCF-7 cells (IC 50 = 97 μM) and also against MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 = 48 μM), and investigation of its mechanism of action demonstrated that apoptosis occurred predominantly either through a p53-dependent or through a p53-independent mechanism, depending of the type of breast cancer cell involved. [66] The best IC 50 value of a Mannich base 53 (Figure 7) obtained from kojic acid as substrate and ciprofloxacin as amine reagent was against HCT-116 human hepatoma cell line (IC 50 = 88 μM), while the copper complex of compound 53 was more potent against HepG2 (IC 50 = 11 μM). [67] In addition, the cytotoxicity of several half-sandwich complexes 54 (Y = O, CH 2 or > NCH 3 ; M = Ru, Rh, Os) with Mannich bases derived from allomaltol (X = O) and thioallomaltol (X = S) as ligands (Figure 7) has been determined, and the IC 50 values range from 56 μM (in the case of complex 54 (X = Y = O, M = Ru) against CH1 ovarian carcinoma cell line) to more than 200 μM for CH1 ovarian carcinoma, SW480 colon carcinoma, and A549 lung cancer cell lines mostly in the case of rhodium complexes 54 (X = O; Y = O, CH 2 and > NCH 3 ).…”