An Advanced Thermal Decomposition Method to Produce Magnetic Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Heating Efficiency for Systemic Magnetic Hyperthermia

Abstract

Due to the limited heating efficiency of available magnetic nanoparticles, it is difficult to achieve therapeutic temperatures above 44 °C in relatively inaccessible tumors during magnetic hyperthermia following systemic administration of nanoparticles at clinical dosage (≤10 mg kg−1). To address this, a method for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles with ultrahigh heating capacity in the presence of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) is presented. The low nitrogen flow rate of 10 mL min−1 during the thermal decomposition reaction results in cobalt‐doped nanoparticles with a magnetite (Fe3O4) core and a maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) shell that exhibit the highest intrinsic loss power reported to date of 47.5 nH m2 kg−1. The heating efficiency of these nanoparticles correlates positively with increasing shell thickness, which can be controlled by the flow rate of nitrogen. Intravenous injection of nanoparticles at a low dose of 4 mg kg−1 elevates intratumoral temperatures to 50 °C in mice‐bearing subcutaneous and metastatic cancer grafts during exposure to AMF. This approach can also be applied to the synthesis of other metal‐doped nanoparticles with core–shell structures. Consequently, this method can potentially be used for the development of novel nanoparticles with high heating performance, further advancing systemic magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment.

Targeted Nanocarriers for Systemic Delivery of IRAK4 Inhibitors to Inflamed Tissues

“…To improve its aqueous dispersibility, circulation time in the blood, and passive accumulation in inflamed tissue, the IRAK 4 inhibitor, PF‐06650833 ( Figure b), was encapsulated in the hydrophobic core of a poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(‐caprolactone) (PEG‐PCL)‐based nanocarrier using a solvent evaporation approach. [ 14 ] Numerous preclinical studies demonstrated that PEG‐PCL‐based nanoparticles hold great potential for drug delivery due to their safety, biocompatibility, and ability to effectively transport hydrophobic payloads following systemic administration. [ 15,16 ] PEG and PCL are biocompatible and nontoxic materials approved for biomedical uses in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration.…”

“…The morphology, hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and surface charge of the resulting IRAK4 NC and VCAM1‐IRAK4 NC were evaluated by following the previously reported methods. [ 14 ]…”

“…The morphology, hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and surface charge of the resulting IRAK4 NC and VCAM1-IRAK4 NC were evaluated by following the previously reported methods. [14] The amount of IRAK4 inhibitor loaded into polymeric nanocarriers was quantified using a Shimadzu high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a Zorbax C18 column (Santa Clara, CA, USA). A standard curve was generated by eluting known amounts of serially diluted IRAK4 inhibitor samples ranging from 0.0375 to 0.3 mg mL −1 .…”

Advanced manufacturing of nanoparticle formulations of drugs and biologics using microfluidics

“…The local increase in heat can be used to induce cancer cell death, as well as the triggered release of the loaded drug. 93,94 Silica (SiO 2 ) NPs (SNPs) are also attractive for drug delivery as not only their size and shape, but also their porosity and the chemical properties of their surfaces can be controlled, which gives them the ability to store and release both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. [95][96][97] Inorganic NPs are commonly produced by chemical methods (such as chemical reduction) to induce NP precipitation.…”

Novel Nanoparticle-Based Treatment and Imaging Modalities

“…Numerous reports suggest that nanoparticles have the potential to improve conventional therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapy) and imaging (e.g., MRI) modalities for cancer detection and treatment [ 1 ]. Moreover, nanomaterials allow for the further development of novel experimental treatments and imaging strategies, including photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, and photoacoustic imaging [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In addition, although to a lesser extent, nanoparticle-based imaging and treatment modalities have been explored for other non-malignant diseases and disorders, such as ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, muscle atrophy and several more [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”