An Adaptive OFDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

Khalil, Issa; Gadallah, Yasser; Hayajneh, Mohammad; Khreishah, Abdallah

doi:10.3390/s120708782

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…ST-MAC [17] was developed in 2009; it describes the delays between the transmission links openly and modelled the ST-MAC as a new technique for solving vertex coloring problem. OFDMA [18] was developed in 2009; in it, topology is centralized. This protocol is used to solve the hidden terminal problem, but many users can affect the performance of the system.…”

Section: Contension-free Based Mac Protocol Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yum

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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In the last few decades, underwater communication systems have been widely used for the development of navy, military, business, and safety applications, etc. However, in underwater communication systems, there are several challenging issues, such as limitations in bandwidth, propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. Underwater communication systems work under severe channel conditions such as ambient noise, frequency selectivity, multi-path and Doppler shifts. In order to collect and transmit the data in effective ways, multi-media/multi-band-based adaptation layer technology is proposed in this paper. The underwater communication scenario comprises of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Surface gateways, sensor nodes, etc. The transmission of data starts from sensor nodes to surface gateway in a hierarchical manner through multiple channels. In order to provide strong and reliable communication underwater, the adaptation layer uses a multi-band/multi-media approach for transferring data. Hence, in this paper, existing techniques for splitting the band such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are used for splitting the frequency band, and the medium selection mechanism is proposed to carry the signal through different media such as Acoustic, Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Infrared (IR) signals in underwater. For the channel selection mechanism, two phases are involved: 1. Finding the distance of near and far nodes using Manhattan method, and 2. Medium selection and data transferring algorithm for choosing different media.Due to the constrained conditions underwater, communication systems face problems such as multi-path, frequency fading, doppler shifts, etc. Multi-band techniques can be used as an effective technique with respect to efficiency and throughput, and to increase the performance level. Multi-band can overcome the frequency fading problem by allotting the same information to several frequency-bands. Need of Multi-Media Communication Techniques UnderwaterIn order to get reliable communication underwater, multi-media techniques can be used. The network architecture of underwater communication includes an underwater area network, a surface area network, and a terrestrial area network. The underwater area network supports acoustic, optical, and MFAN communication; the terrestrial and surface area network consists of RF communication and the internal communication portal is TCP/UDP. In order to avoid interference and data loss, and to decrease the error rate and increase reliability, a four-in-one adaptable modem should be designed. So, different channels can be adapted in underwater communication systems. Thus, the communication system can be more effective and reliable. Also, multi-media communication systems can avoid collisions. Benefits of Multi-Media/Multi-Band Communication Techniques Underwater Acoustic Comm...

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Section: Contension-free Based Mac Protocol Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yum

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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“…If the sink node is destroyed, the network cannot communicate properly. In [4], a MAC protocol for UAWSNs based on adaptive OFDMA is proposed. The protocol has three modes of operation: random, equal opportunity, and energy-conscious.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OFDM can convert selective fading acoustic channels into parallel and independent acoustic subchannels to achieve flat fading. Multipath delay spread of the acoustic channel, which leads to intersymbol interference (ISI), is solved effectively by using cyclic prefixing (CP) and adding a protection interval [4]. The complexity of an OFDM system can be reduced greatly through the IFFT/FFT hardware implementation structure proposed in [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OSPG-MAC: An OFDMA-Based Subcarrier Pregrouping MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

Zuo

Jin

et al. 2019

Journal of Sensors

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In underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs), designing media access control (MAC) protocols is highly challenging because of their significant influence on network performance. It is a great challenge to design suitable MAC protocols for UAWSNs because of the specific characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, such as low communication rates, large propagation delays, and limited available bandwidth. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a special case of OFDM-based multicarrier modulation in which multiple user symbols are transmitted simultaneously using different subcarriers with overlapping orthogonal frequency bands. In this paper, we propose an OFDMA-based subcarrier pregrouping MAC protocol for UAWSNs, termed OSPG-MAC. To make it easier to allocate subcarriers and avoid conflict, we group all the subcarriers into fixed subchannels in advance and allocate them in terms of these subchannels. To maximize the total throughput on each subchannel, a bit and power allocation algorithm for the protocol is proposed, termed the OSPG-MAC algorithm. Simulation results show that the performance of OSPG-MAC is better than that of classic underwater MAC protocols, including SFAMA and T-Lohi.

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“…In order to solve the problem, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been introduced to FDMA. The principle of FDMA is choosing proper frequency band to communicate according to different communication distances and therefore improves the bandwidth availability ratio [6,7]. To improve channel utilization fundamentally, researchers begin to study the MAC protocol based on TDMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control Packet Collision Avoidance Algorithm for the Underwater Multichannel MAC Protocols via Time-Frequency Masking

Shi²,

He³

et al. 2016

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

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Establishing high-speed and reliable underwater acoustic networks among multiunmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) is basic to realize cooperative and intelligent control among different UUVs. Nevertheless, different from terrestrial network, the propagation speed of the underwater acoustic network is 1500 m/s, which makes the design of the underwater acoustic network MAC protocols a big challenge. In accordance with multichannel MAC protocols, data packets and control packets are transferred through different channels, which lowers the adverse effect of acoustic network and gradually becomes the popular issues of underwater acoustic networks MAC protocol research. In this paper, we proposed a control packet collision avoidance algorithm utilizing time-frequency masking to deal with the control packets collision in the control channel. This algorithm is based on the scarcity of the noncoherent underwater acoustic communication signals, which regards collision avoiding as separation of the mixtures of communication signals from different nodes. We first measure the W-Disjoint Orthogonality of the MFSK signals and the simulation result demonstrates that there exists time-frequency mask which can separate the source signals from the mixture of the communication signals. Then we present a pairwise hydrophones separation system based on deep networks and the location information of the nodes. Consequently, the time-frequency mask can be estimated.

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An Adaptive OFDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 35 publications

References 36 publications

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

OSPG-MAC: An OFDMA-Based Subcarrier Pregrouping MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

The Control Packet Collision Avoidance Algorithm for the Underwater Multichannel MAC Protocols via Time-Frequency Masking

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