Ammonium nitrate: thermal stability and explosivity modifiers

Oxley, Jimmie C.; Smith, James L.; Rogers, Evan; Yu, Ming

doi:10.1016/s0040-6031(01)00775-4

Cited by 177 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Many researchers have proposed a thermal decomposition mechanism. Oxley's proposed ionic and radical reaction mechanisms were widely accepted [42,43]. GO has a large surface area, thus when ammonia and HNO 3 (g) emerge, they can be absorbed onto the nano-material surface.…”

Section: Catalytic Mechanism Of the Thermal Decomposition Of An Catalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition CharacteristicS of Ammonium Nitrate(v) in the Presence of Mn2O3/Graphene Oxides

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Nano-composites (Mn2O3, Mn2O3/graphene oxides (GO)) were prepared by a new method. The nano-composites were characterized by XRD and HRTEM. The catalytic performance of the nano-composites on the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN) was investigated by TG-DSC and TG-MS. The reaction of AN with the nano-composites in the condensed phase was investigated by RSFTIR. The results of TG-DSC experiments indicated that the nano-composites significantly catalyze the thermal decomposition of AN, especial Mn2O3/GO. The exothermic reaction of AN with Mn2O3/GO commenced at about 185 °C. Based on the TG-MS results, it was ascribed to N2O formation. In the RSFTIR experiments, the dissociation reaction and ionization reaction of AN were both detected. NOx formation at low temperature was also found. NH2 was directly oxidized by HNO3/NO3− at low temperature. The interaction between Mn2O3 and NH3 was detected according to DRIFT experiments. At elevated temperature, the functional groups of GO are destroyed, which had an influence on the interaction between Mn2O3 and GO. A probable mechanism for the exothermic reaction and then its disappearance is proposed. HNO3 gas was absorbed on the surface of solid AN, which can markedly catalyze the thermal decomposition of AN. Perhaps the HNO3 plays a key role in the exothermic reaction and then the reaction of AN disappears at very low temperatures.

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Section: Catalytic Mechanism Of the Thermal Decomposition Of An Catalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition CharacteristicS of Ammonium Nitrate(v) in the Presence of Mn2O3/Graphene Oxides

et al. 2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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“…Experiments were performed using mixtures of AN and various fuel compositions seen in previous work [7]. C-J pressures were predicted for a range of compositions using CHEETAH [8].…”

Section: Materials Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation failure characterization of non-ideal explosives

Janesheski

Groven

Son

2012

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…Regardless of the mechanism, the first step of decomposition is always an endothermic dissociation of ammonium nitrate to ammonia and nitric acid. All further reactions are exothermic [10][11][12][13]. However, depending on the surface-to-volume ratio of the sample, endothermic surface evaporation may dominate the decomposition process [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermal stability of this salt can be reduced by various impurities, among which the most dangerous are chlorides, acids and some organic compounds [18][19][20][21][22]. This property of ammonium nitrate was the cause of many devastating events, both accidental and deliberate [10,[23][24][25][26]. Therefore, interactions of various substances with this salt were extensively investigated over the past few decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, carbonates are one of the most frequently used fillers for improving the safety of fertilisers based on ammonium nitrate. A few researchers studied the influence of such individual pure compounds [10,27]. However, due to economic aspects, in industrial production, natural minerals with a more complex composition are used, mainly consisting of calcium and magnesium carbonates in various proportions [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of carbonate minerals on the thermal stability of fertilisers containing ammonium nitrate

Popławski

Hoffmann

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Fertilisers containing ammonium nitrate are the most efficient sources of nitrogen used in agriculture. The major hazard associated with production, storage and transport of materials containing this compound is its liability to rapid decomposition, or even detonation under certain conditions. Properly selected calcium and magnesium carbonates may increase the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of the carbonate mineral type and composition on phase transitions and decomposition process of fertiliser-grade ammonium nitrate. The article focuses on the methodology of thermal analysis of samples containing ammonium nitrate with carbonates and points out the phenomena and thermal characteristics that should be taken into consideration when testing fertiliser mixtures. Two different sample preparation methods allowed for investigating processes that may occur in inappropriate storage and transport conditions as well as during the production of fertiliser. The measurements were taken using techniques of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry. The results showed that too high a level of carbonates reactivity can cause problems during the production of fertiliser, reducing the effectiveness of the filler in a final product.

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Ammonium nitrate: thermal stability and explosivity modifiers

Cited by 177 publications

References 17 publications

Thermal Decomposition CharacteristicS of Ammonium Nitrate(v) in the Presence of Mn2O3/Graphene Oxides

Thermal Decomposition CharacteristicS of Ammonium Nitrate(v) in the Presence of Mn2O3/Graphene Oxides

Detonation failure characterization of non-ideal explosives

Effect of carbonate minerals on the thermal stability of fertilisers containing ammonium nitrate

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