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Purpose Technological progress and high market demand contributed to a significant interest in the production of fertilizers based on humic acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibilities of using humic acids obtained from lignite in the production of new commercial products. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine the quality standard requirements for such material. Properties of humic acids depend on source of origin as well as method of its extraction. Materials and methods The humic acids were extracted from polish deposit of lignite-Sieniawa Lubuska by alkaline extraction using for this purpose six kinds of extractants: 0.1 M NaOH and 0.25 M NaOH, 0.1 M KOH and 0.25 M KOH, and 0.1 M Na 4 P 2 O 7 and 0.25 M Na 4 P 2 O 7 . The humic samples were used in solid powder form and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, 13 C NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Results and discussion The determining factor influencing a degree of humic acids extraction from lignite and their structure is type of extractant. The largest efficiency of extraction (about 50%) was obtained with the use of NaOH solutions. All examined humic acids were generally characterized by simple and heterogeneous molecularly structure with low molecular weight and low aromatic polycondensation. Therefore, it can be concluded that humic acids extracted with NaOH and KOH solutions are less condensed than those extracted with Na 4 P 2 O 7 solutions. It can suggest that humic acids obtained from lignite using solutions of Na 4 P 2 O 7 are characterized by a low transformation degree and greater amount of carboxyl groups. Conclusions Low rank coal can be successfully used in agriculture as a rich source of humic acids. Reagent used in their extraction, apart from high efficiency should have a neutral impact on their structure. Studies on the physicochemical properties of humic acids can be helpful in predicting behaviors of such fertilizer components in the environment and in inventing new products taking the principles of sustainable development into consideration.

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Fertilisers containing ammonium nitrate are the most efficient sources of nitrogen used in agriculture. The major hazard associated with production, storage and transport of materials containing this compound is its liability to rapid decomposition, or even detonation under certain conditions. Properly selected calcium and magnesium carbonates may increase the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of the carbonate mineral type and composition on phase transitions and decomposition process of fertiliser-grade ammonium nitrate. The article focuses on the methodology of thermal analysis of samples containing ammonium nitrate with carbonates and points out the phenomena and thermal characteristics that should be taken into consideration when testing fertiliser mixtures. Two different sample preparation methods allowed for investigating processes that may occur in inappropriate storage and transport conditions as well as during the production of fertiliser. The measurements were taken using techniques of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry. The results showed that too high a level of carbonates reactivity can cause problems during the production of fertiliser, reducing the effectiveness of the filler in a final product.

Three novel alkali metal–cadmium coordination polymers [K2Cd­(Hsb)4(H2O)6]3n 1, [NaCd­(sip)­(DMF)2(H2O)2]2n 2, and [NaCd2(sip)2(DMF)2(H2O)2]2n ·2nHdeta·2nH2O 3 (H2sb = 4-sulfobenzoic acid, H3sip = 5-sulfoisophthalic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic and thermogravimetric methods. The solid state structure of 1 consists of inorganic layers, formed from Na2O10 and CdO6, polyhedral units, bridged via the sulfonate site of the ligand. The layers are pillared by the organic portions of the ligands to form a three-dimensional framework classified as I2O1. Compounds 2 and 3 display inorganic–organic hybrid layers arranged in 3D via nonspecific (hydrophobic) interactions between the DMF ligands. The two-dimensional frameworks of the layers are classified as I1O1 (in 2) and I0O2 (in 3). The guest diethylammonium ions in 3 are arranged in hydrophobic channels along the [011] crystallographic direction and circumvented by the DMF ligands.

The S 1(1 B 2) ← S 0(1 A 1) electronic transition of anisole and the anisole/CO2 aggregate cooled in a supersonic free jet has been investigated in detail using REMPI spectroscopy and quantumchemical model calculations. The 42 intramolecular modes of anisole in the 1 S 1 state are assigned. Some previous assignments of modes of anisole in the 1 S 1 state have been improved, some of the assignments are still tentative. The origin of the corresponding electronic transition in the 1:1-aggregate is blueshifted by 117cm−1 versus the 0-0 transition of anisole, the origine in the 1:2-agreggate is redshifted by 216cm−1. Probably a second conformer of the 1:1-aggregate is formed in the molecular beam. 36 fundamental modes of the anisole/CO2 1:1-cluster out of possible 46 intramolecular modes are assigned. Spectral shifts of the fundamental modes in the 1 S 1 state of anisole/CO2 due to the aggregation have been observed. The intermolecular modes and their binary combinations with intramolecular modes have been analyzed.

Production of suspension fertilizers as a potential way of managing industrial waste Research on the possibilities of utilizing several waste substances for the production of suspension fertilizers has been carried out. The substances were: sludge from the ALWERNIA S.A. Chemical Plant - a potential source of phosphorous (~20% by wt. P2O5) and waste sludge from the production of magnesium sulphates and nitrates in the Złotniki S.A. Chemical Plant - a substance aiding the stability of suspension and magnesite (a source of magnesium). The possibility of chemical activation of clayey minerals through ion exchange was investigated. Na2CO3 was used for this purpose. Fertilizer samples PK and NPK were found to be highly stable (syneresis < 25%). The NPK +3% MgO sample was found to have particularly good properties. The activation of the clayey materials by Na2CO3 resulted in an increase in the stability coefficient in the case of bentonite SN and clay TIK by 0.88964 and 0.516304, respectively.