Owing to the high specific surface area and lightweight, aerogels exhibit excellent adsorption capacity that can be tailored for the fabrication of high‐performance environmental purification materials. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is an abundant, bio‐based, low‐density one dimensional (1D) nanomaterials with high‐respect ratio. In this work, CNC is first chemically grafted with polyethylenimine (PEI) and further by β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), which is subsequently crosslinked by polyacrylamide (PAM) to prepare the composted aerogel (CNC‐PEI‐CD/PAM), and being endowed high‐adsorption capacity for methyl orange (MO) (155.93 mg g−1) and removal rate (97.46%). Our unique strategy overcomes the low graft efficiency of β‐CD directly onto CNC by connecting PEI. Besides, CNC‐PEI‐CD/PAM not only shows superior adsorption performance to methyl orange, attributing to the unique “selective” cavity structure of β‐CD and dense surface charge of PEI, but also displays the desired reusability. This material shows the huge potential in water purification.