“…They can be categorized into following types: (a) Ru complex dyes, (b) metal free organic dyes, (c) quantum dot sensitizer, (d) perovskite based, (e) porphyrin, and (f) natural based photosensitizers. Ru(II) based sensitizers generally consist of a central metal ion with ancillary group , (e.g., bipyridines, terpyridines, or polypyridines and substituents such as alkyl, aryl heterocycle, carboxylate, etc. ), ligands , (e.g., monodentate (pyrazole, CN, and NCS), and bidentate (cyclometalated and noncyclometalated), and at least one anchoring group , (phosphonate and carboxylate).…”