Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives using a portable mass spectrometer

Burns, Daniel; Mathias, Simone; McCullough, Bryan J.; Hopley, Chris; Douce, David; Lumley, Nicola; Bajic, Steve; Sears, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2021.116735

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Both AIMS approaches allow a high sample throughput (≤ 5 s from collection to data generation (Cho et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2008 ) but do not allow molecular separation prior to detection. Considering the successes of AIMS for biological skin analyses in forensic science (Justes et al, 2007 ; Zhao et al, 2008 ), drug development (Cho et al, 2022 ; Katona et al, 2011 ), and cosmetic science (Motoyama & Kihara 2017 ), as well as continuous developments regarding probes (Fatou et al, 2018 ; Meisenbichler et al, 2020 ; Shamraeva et al, 2022 ) and portable mass spectrometers (Burns et al, 2022 ; Hendricks et al, 2014 ; Li et al, 2014 ; Mulligan et al, 2006 ), this is an exciting area to watch. For more information, the following reviews are recommended (Feider et al, 2019 ; Kuo et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Current Sampling and Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics

et al. 2023

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Introduction Sebum-based metabolomics (a subset of “sebomics”) is a developing field that involves the sampling, identification, and quantification of metabolites found in human sebum. Sebum is a lipid-rich oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands onto the skin surface for skin homeostasis, lubrication, thermoregulation, and environmental protection. Interest in sebomics has grown over the last decade due to its potential for rapid analysis following non-invasive sampling for a range of clinical and environmental applications. Objectives To provide an overview of various sebum sampling techniques with their associated challenges. To evaluate applications of sebum for clinical research, drug monitoring, and human biomonitoring. To provide a commentary of the opportunities of using sebum as a diagnostic biofluid in the future. Methods Bibliometric analyses of selected keywords regarding skin surface analysis using the Scopus search engine from 1960 to 2022 was performed on 12th January 2023. The published literature was compartmentalised based on what the work contributed to in the following areas: the understanding about sebum, its composition, the analytical technologies used, or the purpose of use of sebum. The findings were summarised in this review. Results Historically, about 15 methods of sampling have been used for sebum collection. The sample preparation approaches vary depending on the analytes of interest and are summarised. The use of sebum is not limited to just skin diseases or drug monitoring but also demonstrated for other systemic disease. Most of the work carried out for untargeted analysis of metabolites associated with sebum has been in the recent two decades. Conclusion Sebum has a huge potential beyond skin research and understanding how one’s physiological state affects or reflects on the skin metabolome via the sebaceous glands itself or by interactions with sebaceous secretion, will open doors for simpler biomonitoring. Sebum acts as a sink to environmental metabolites and has applications awaiting to be explored, such as biosecurity, cross-border migration, localised exposure to harmful substances, and high-throughput population screening. These applications will be possible with rapid advances in volatile headspace and lipidomics method development as well as the ability of the metabolomics community to annotate unknown species better. A key issue with skin surface analysis that remains unsolved is attributing the source of the metabolites found on the skin surface before meaningful biological interpretation.

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Section: Current Sampling and Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics

et al. 2023

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“…Desorption of the analytes is accomplished by a hot nitrogen stream and ionisation is performed by corona discharge. 38 The ASAP for instance can be used for the trace detection of explosives, 41 detection of food fraud 39 and food analysis. 42 Furthermore, the semiquantitative analysis of pharmaceutical agents is described, for instance the quantitation of sildenafil in herbal over-the-counter formulations to prevent medical fraud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A validated method for the rapid quantification of melatonin in over-the-counter hypnotics by the atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe (ASAP)

et al. 2022

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“…The development of ambient ionization techniques has promoted the application of mass spectrometry in the field of on-site rapid explosives detection [ 8 ]. Plenty of ambient ionization sources have been proposed for direct sampling and ionization of explosives under ambient conditions, such as desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) [ 9 , 10 ] and direct analysis in real time (DART) [ 11 , 12 ], low temperature plasma (LTP) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] or dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [ 21 , 22 ], photoionization (PI) [ 23 , 24 ], paper spray ionization (PSI) [ 25 , 26 ], and so on. However, most of these methods normally involve the use of expensive and specialized consumables such as solvent, dopant, and inert gas, which should be avoided in field applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Trace Explosives Using a Novel Sample Introduction and Ionization Method

Zhang

et al. 2022

Molecules

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A novel sample introduction and ionization method for trace explosives detection is proposed and investigated herein, taking into consideration real-world application requirements. A thermal desorption sampling method and dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) source, with air as the discharge gas, were developed. The counter flow method was adopted firstly into the DBDI source to remove the interference of ozone and other reactive nitrogen oxides. A separated reaction region with an ion guiding electric field was developed for ionization of the sample molecules. Coupled with a homemade miniature digital linear ion trap mass spectrometer, this compact and robust design, with further optimization, has the advantages of soft ionization, a low detection limit, is free of reagent and consumable gas, and is an easy sample introduction. A range of common nitro-based explosives including TNT, 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, PETN, and HMX has been studied. A linear response in the range of two orders of magnitude with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 ng for TNT has been demonstrated. Application to the detection of real explosives and simulated mixed samples has also been explored. The work paves the path to developing next generation mass spectrometry (MS) based explosive trace detectors (ETDs).

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Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives using a portable mass spectrometer

Cited by 28 publications

References 53 publications

No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics

No skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics

A validated method for the rapid quantification of melatonin in over-the-counter hypnotics by the atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe (ASAP)

Detection of Trace Explosives Using a Novel Sample Introduction and Ionization Method

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