Amakebe: A disease of calves in Uganda

Bruce, David; Hamerton, A. E.; Bateman, H. R.; Mackie, F. P.

doi:10.1098/rspb.1910.0016

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For three of these (anaplasmosis, babesiosis and cowdriosis) there is evidence that the presence of disease in young animals (less than 6 months old) was significantly lower than would be expected based purely on proportions of cattle in each age group, consistent with the concept of inverse age immunity for these diseases [29]. However, this was clearly not the case for theileriosis for which the proportion with the disease was significantly higher than expected in younger and significantly lower in older animals, consistent with observations by David Bruce et al almost 100 years earlier [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Diagnosis of Cattle Diseases Endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating a Low Cost Decision Support Tool in Use by Veterinary Personnel

Eisler

Magona²,

Revie

2012

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundDiagnosis is key to control and prevention of livestock diseases. In areas of sub-Saharan Africa where private practitioners rarely replace Government veterinary services reduced in effectiveness by structural adjustment programmes, those who remain lack resources for diagnosis and might benefit from decision support.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe evaluated whether a low-cost diagnostic decision support tool would lead to changes in clinical diagnostic practice by fifteen veterinary and animal health officers undertaking primary animal healthcare in Uganda. The eight diseases covered by the tool included 98% of all bovine diagnoses made before or after its introduction. It may therefore inform proportional morbidity in the area; breed, age and geographic location effects were consistent with current epidemiological understanding. Trypanosomosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and parasitic gastroenteritis were the most common conditions among 713 bovine clinical cases diagnosed prior to introduction of the tool. Thereafter, in 747 bovine clinical cases estimated proportional morbidity of fasciolosis doubled, while theileriosis and parasitic gastroenteritis were diagnosed less commonly and the average number of clinical signs increased from 3.5 to 4.9 per case, with 28% of cases reporting six or more signs compared to 3% beforehand. Anaemia/pallor, weakness and staring coat contributed most to this increase, approximately doubling in number and were recorded in over half of all cases. Finally, although lack of a gold standard hindered objective assessment of whether the tool improved the reliability of diagnosis, informative concordance and misclassification matrices yielded useful insights into its role in the diagnostic process.Conclusions/SignificanceThe diagnostic decision support tool covered the majority of diagnoses made before or after its introduction, leading to a significant increase in the number of clinical signs recorded, suggesting this as a key beneficial consequence of its use. It may also inform approximate proportional morbidity and represent a useful epidemiological tool in poorly resourced areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…[8], [15]; schistosomiasis [16], [17]; theileriosis or East Coast fever caused by Theileria parva , [18], [19], [7], [8], [9]; and trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma brucei , Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax [20], [8], [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Cattle Diseases Endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating a Low Cost Decision Support Tool in Use by Veterinary Personnel

Eisler

Magona²,

Revie

2012

PLoS ONE

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“…Probable instances have been documented in tick-borne diseases going back several decades [19], [20] and a wide range of human and animal diseases have been identified that satisfy the criteria for its occurrence [2]. However, identifying a system for which there is regional variation in transmission rate (a condition for enzootic stability to manifest) along with estimates of seroprevalence, case prevalence and data to parameterize a transmission model has impeded a rigorous demonstration in nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When More Transmission Equals Less Disease: Reconciling the Disconnect between Disease Hotspots and Parasite Transmission

et al. 2013

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The assumed straightforward connection between transmission intensity and disease occurrence impacts surveillance and control efforts along with statistical methodology, including parameter inference and niche modeling. Many infectious disease systems have the potential for this connection to be more complicated–although demonstrating this in any given disease system has remained elusive. Hemorrhagic disease (HD) is one of the most important diseases of white-tailed deer and is caused by viruses in the Orbivirus genus. Like many infectious diseases, the probability or severity of disease increases with age (after loss of maternal antibodies) and the probability of disease is lower upon re-infection compared to first infection (based on cross-immunity between virus strains). These broad criteria generate a prediction that disease occurrence is maximized at intermediate levels of transmission intensity. Using published US field data, we first fit a statistical model to predict disease occurrence as a function of seroprevalence (a proxy for transmission intensity), demonstrating that states with intermediate seroprevalence have the highest level of case reporting. We subsequently introduce an independently parameterized mechanistic model supporting the theory that high case reporting should come from areas with intermediate levels of transmission. This is the first rigorous demonstration of this phenomenon and illustrates that variation in transmission rate (e.g. along an ecologically-controlled transmission gradient) can create cryptic refuges for infectious diseases.

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“…It was first described in eastern Africa as Amakebe by Bruce et al (1910) [1], where it had been endemic and apparently recognised for centuries as a relatively mild disease of calves. Surprisingly, it was only when tick-infested cattle were exported by boat from eastern to southern Africa in 1901 and 1902, and the disease appeared in what is now Zimbabwe, that the disease became widely recognised [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The control of East Coast fever of cattle by live parasite vaccination: A science-to-impact narrative

Perry

2016

One Health

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There is an increasing interest in determining the impact of vaccine technologies developed using public funding targeted at international development, and understanding the factors and ingredients which contribute to the success and impacts of such vaccines. This paper chronicles the development of a live vaccine against East Coast fever, a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Theileria parva. The paper describes the technological innovation, commonly known as infection-and-treatment, which was developed some 40 years ago, explores the institutional settings in which the vaccine was developed and refined, and discusses the political dynamics of both during the decades from first development to field deployment and impacts. The paper also analyses the direct and indirect indicators of success of ITM and the many qualifiers of these, the impacts that the emerging technology has had, both in positive and negative terms, and maps the key contributors and milestones on the research-to-impact pathway.

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Amakebe: A disease of calves in Uganda

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Diagnosis of Cattle Diseases Endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating a Low Cost Decision Support Tool in Use by Veterinary Personnel

Diagnosis of Cattle Diseases Endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating a Low Cost Decision Support Tool in Use by Veterinary Personnel

When More Transmission Equals Less Disease: Reconciling the Disconnect between Disease Hotspots and Parasite Transmission

The control of East Coast fever of cattle by live parasite vaccination: A science-to-impact narrative

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