“Am I at risk of cyberbullying”? A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach

Assessing Predictors of Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Adolescents: the Influence of Individual Factors, Attachments, and Prior Victimization

“…Attachment implies a connection or bond between individuals, and with respect to adolescents, the types of attachments or bonds they experience may influence their development and behavior. According to Baldry et al (2015), adolescent's personal relationships with their parent(s) or caregiver(s) may influence the risks of becoming a cyberbully. Studies have shown that parents of cyberbullies generally offer less support and lack healthy attachments to their children (Kowalski et al 2014;Wang et al 2009).…”

“…Studies conducted outside the USA also showed that cyberbullies experience limited parental monitoring with respect to computer use (Kokkinos et al 2016;Vandebosch and Van Cleemput 2009). Thus, studies that explore the profiles of cyberbullies suggest that parental involvement is necessary to enhance prevention (Baldry et al 2015;Kowalski et al 2014;Vandebosch and Van Cleemput 2009).…”

“…Factors related to school attachment that include school climate and relationships with teachers or classmates have been identified as predictors of cyberbullying (Baldry et al 2015). A hostile school climate can produce irritation and uneasiness among adolescents who may respond to these feelings with aggressive behavior like cyberbullying (Kowalski et al 2014).…”

“…Finally, attachment to types of peer groups has been explored and identified as predictors of cyberbullying (Baldry et al 2015). In a longitudinal study of Canadian adolescents, Cappadocia et al (2013) found that children who associated with peers that lacked prosocial behaviors were more likely to engage in cyberbullying.…”

Empathy in Traditional and Cyber Bullying/Victimization Involvement From Early to Middle Adolescence: A Cross Sectional Study

“…preclude the user from experiencing empathy, since, according to Social Presence and Media Richness theories, several of its forms provide little to none non-verbal signs, which may increase the possibility of aggressive behavior (Cková, Dedkova, Sevcikova, & Cerna, 2013). Cyber-bullying (CB), a form of bullying materialized through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), has been found to negatively correlate with empathy (Baldry, Farrington, & Sorrentino, 2015), since low empathy users are more likely to participate in CB (e.g., Van Noorden, Haselager, Cillessen, & Bukowski, 2014), and/or cyber-victimization (CV) (SchultzeKrumbholz & Scheithauer, 2009). Cyber-bullies may feel less remorse for their victims compared to traditional ones and perceive their acts as harmless (e.g., Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007), because of their low empathy, which may be further reduced due to their inability to see their victim's reactions (Campbell, Slee, Spears, Butler, & Kift, 2013).…”