Alzheimer's Disease, Other Dementias, Depression and Pseudo-dementia: Prevalence, Incidence and Three-Year Outcome in Liverpool

Copeland, J. R. M.; Davidson, Ian A.; Dewey, Michael; Gilmore, Chris; Larkin, Bernie; McWilliam, C.; Saunders, Paul A.; Scott, Anne; Sharma, VK; Sullivan, Caroline

doi:10.1192/bjp.161.2.230

Cited by 281 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, in a British prospective cohort study of 1,070 persons aged 65 or more and followed for 3 years, the incidence of all types of dementia was 9.2 per 1,000 population and year, of which the AD incidence was 6.3 per 1,000 population and year 9 . Koukolík reported approximately 35,000 AD patients aged 65 years or more in former Czechoslovakia in 1983 (ref.…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological of and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review

Povová

Ambrož²,

Bar³

et al. 2012

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub

109

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Background. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It is a degenerative, incurable and terminal disease. The increasing prevalence of AD is, among other reasons, due to population aging, which is, to a certain extent, seen worldwide. Continuous advances in health care keep increasing life expectancy. Official statistics are likely to significantly underestimate the actual prevalence of AD. Alzheimer's disease represents an important public health problem. Its aetiology is still unknown and for this reason, it is necessary to study all potential risk factors which may contribute to the development of this disease. Methods. We searched original and review articles addressing Alzheimer´s disease using key words Alzheimer's disease, epidemiology, risk factors and prevention. We found and used one hundred and four references. Conclusions. Based on epidemiological studies, genetic studies, neuroimaging methods and neuropathology research, three basic etiological hypotheses of the development of AD have been formulated: genetic, vascular and psychosocial. At present, the level of evidence is insufficient for the etiological role of other factors, such as nutrition, occupational exposure to various substances and inflammation. From the point of view of early diagnosis and application of primary or secondary prevention principles, genetic factors are the most important.

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Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological of and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review

Povová

Ambrož²,

Bar³

et al. 2012

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub

109

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“…Three longitudinal community studies, in Cape Town (Benarie et al, 1990), Liverpool (Copeland et al, 1992) and the eastern states of Australia (Henderson et al, 1997), found that persistent depression was associated with an elevated probability of (early) death. Each of these studies focused on only two points in time, and thus may have missed changes in the depression process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of depression and their relationship with health status and social service use

Chen¹,

Mullan²,

Griffiths³

et al. 2011

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics

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This longitudinal study was conducted between 1994 and 2004 in a cohort of Southern Taiwan communityliving elderly residents. The study aims to explore the trajectories of depression and how these patterns differed between respondents who survived and those who died during data collection phases; this study also investigated how health status change and health/social service use predicted the different trajectories of depression. Eight hundred and ten participants had completed all six waves of the survey or were followed-up at each wave until death in the prospective study in Kaohsiung City. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Short Psychiatric Evaluation Schedule (SPES). Changes in levels of depression during the ageing process were identified. Different trajectories clearly reflected heterogeneity within depression and the association with mortality. The study highlighted that diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, heart disease and disability, whether at baseline or as new occurrences, were predictors of health decline. High uses of health/social services were also predictive of increased depression. These findings identified depression as a highly dynamic process, characterized by different trajectories of depression between states of no, mild and severe depression. Greater awareness of these various trajectories should potentially improve the prevention and/or management strategies of depression. Taiwan community-living elderly residents. The study aims to explore the trajectories of depression and how these patterns differed between respondents who survived and those who died during data collection phases; this study also investigated how health status change and health/social service use predicted the different trajectories of depression. Eight hundred and ten participants had completed all six waves of the survey or were followed-up at each wave until death in the prospective study in Kaohsiung City. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Short Psychiatric Evaluation Schedule (SPES). Changes in levels of depression during the ageing process were identified. Different trajectories clearly reflected heterogeneity within depression and the association with mortality. The study highlighted that diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, heart disease and disability, whether at baseline or as new occurrences, were predictors of health decline. High uses of health/social services were also predictive of increased depression. These findings identified depression as a highly dynamic process, characterized by different trajectories of depression between states of no, mild and severe depression. Greater awareness of these various trajectories should potentially improve the prevention and/or management strategies of depression.

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“…In a context of controversy related to the concept of "incident" 25 or "chronic" depression 71 , the following operational definitions were used in this study: "Incident case of depression": individuals considered to be "non-cases" of depression at baseline (AGECAT criteria), but diagnosed as "cases of depression" (AGECAT criteria) at follow up.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression in the elderly community: II. Outcome in a 4.5 years follow-up

et al. 2008

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-Background and Objectives:In this study, we test to what extent negative outcomes of depression reported in different countries may be confirmed in a Southern European population.Methods: This is a follow-up (mean 4.5 years) of the elderly sample interviewed in the baseline of the Zaragoza Study (or ZARADEMP 0). The general methodology is described in the previous paper. The same two-phase procedure completed at baseline was also implemented at follow-up and the same standardized instruments were used. Cases of depression at follow-up were diagnosed with AGECAT criteria. Operational criteria were also used for definition of both "incident case of depression" and "chronic case of depression".Results: Six hundred and sixty three elderly (61.4%) were reassessed at follow-up, and 216 died in the follow-up period. A negative outcome of both, major and minor depression was observed. Taken together, the pessimistic outcome (death, chronicity or conversion to other psychiatric diagnosis) was observed in 70.5% of cases of depression, but only in 30.8% of "non-cases", the differences being statistically significant (Z = 6.7; p < 0.001). Similarly, a high proportion of subcases of depression had a negative prognosis (48.5%), the differences with "non-cases" also being statistically significant (Z = 2.7; p < 0.005).Incidence rate of depression was 14.4 (95% C.I.: 11.0-18.6) the rate being significantly higher in women when compared to men.Conclusions: This is the first report of a negative outcome of depression in a representative sample of the elderly in a Southern European city. Subcases of depression also had a negative outcome. The clinical significance in AGECAT cases of depression is emphasized.

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Alzheimer's Disease, Other Dementias, Depression and Pseudo-dementia: Prevalence, Incidence and Three-Year Outcome in Liverpool

Cited by 281 publications

References 27 publications

Epidemiological of and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review

Epidemiological of and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review

Trajectories of depression and their relationship with health status and social service use

Depression in the elderly community: II. Outcome in a 4.5 years follow-up

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