“…Empathy, defined as a general capacity to feel, share, identify others' emotions, adopt the perspective of others, and devise hypotheses to account for their emotional state (De Vignemont & Singer, 2006;de Waal, 2008), has been shown to be an important predictor of prosocial behavior (Barraza & Zak, 2009;Dovidio, Piliavin, Schroeder, & Penner, 2006;Eisenberg et al, 2002;Paciello, Fida, Cerniglia, Tramontano, & Cole, 2013;Stocks, Lishner, & Decker, 2009;Sze, Gyurak, Goodkind, & Levenson, 2012). Personal distress, defined as a self-oriented response to others' emotions or an aversive reaction to witnessing others' emotions (Eisenberg, 2010), has also been shown to predict prosocial behavior (Baumann, Cialdini, & Kenrick, 1981;Carlson & Miller, 1987;Cialdini et al, 1987;Davis, 1983;Penner, Fritzsche, Craiger, & Freifeld, 1995).…”