Alternatives for remediation and decontamination of soils from Brazil

Abstract

The aim of this work is to identify the main sources of contamination of soils, their effects on organisms also presenting alternatives for remediation and decontamination of these contaminated environments. The soils have in their composition organisms that are naturally present, as well as the presence of contaminants in increasing proportion when compared to the world industrialization and modernization of agriculture; therefore, increase in evolution brings with it a bigger totality of compounds, resulting in worrying rates in the soils of Brazil, such as trace elements (Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury, Copper) and compounds organic (pesticides) and inorganic (waste fossil fuels). In many instances, this contamination can decimate forms of life in the soil. With that, remediation and decontamination of these soils becomes a fundamental need for the current economic models, making bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques consist in a feasible alternative for remediation and decontamination of soil, presenting performances satisfactory in removal and stabilization of contaminants.

Implications of wheat farming in Cd(II) and Pb(II) contaminated red eutrophic Oxisol: an experimental pilot investigation

“…Even with the low mobility, wheat cultivation in contaminated soil can become a source of metal introduction into the food chain since some countries' legislations can tolerate the cultivation regardless of the high amounts of metals (such as Pb) in soil, such as Germany (580 mg kg À1 ) or the United Kingdom (500 mg kg À1 ) (Gonc ßalves et al, 2014). Additionally, plants can often introduce significant metal levels into the food chain through bioaccumulation, sometimes with values even higher than those already in the soil (Bassegio et al, 2019).…”

“…Among the macronutrients, phosphate fertilisers present the highest rates of toxic metal contaminants. Among the micronutrient fertilisers, contaminants can be present due to the high cost of conventional mineral sources, encouraging the use of industrial wastes containing hazardous substances as raw material for fertilisation (Gonc ßalves et al, 2014).…”

“…Given its widespread consumption and economic value, ensuring the sustainable production and resilience of wheat crops is paramount for global food systems and the well-being of communities worldwide (Wu et al, 2020). Nevertheless, it is essential to highlight that using contaminated land for wheat cultivation can be a nutritional and environmental problem (Gonc ßalves et al, 2014(Gonc ßalves et al, , 2020.…”

“…Among the harmful, also called toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are the metals that present the highest risk factor for the environment and human health due to the high toxicity for humans, animals and plants, even at low doses. In addition, these are highly reactive, non‐degradable and bio‐accumulative (Souza et al ., 2014).…”

“…According to Souza et al . (2014), the United States, Germany, European Union and many others have aroused attention to the input of toxic metals in environmental compartments, elaborating maximum allowable limits of toxic metals in soils, water bodies, sediments and other compartments. In Brazil, the current legislation related to soil contamination is Resolution No.…”