Altered Bacterial Profiles in Saliva from Adults with Caries Lesions: A Case-Cohort Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to learn whether presence of caries in an adult population was associated with a salivary bacterial profile different from that of individuals without untreated caries. Stimulated saliva samples from 621 participants of the Danish Health Examination Survey were analyzed using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray technology. Samples from 174 individuals with dental caries and 447 from a control cohort were compared using frequency and levels of identified bacterial taxa/clusters as endpoints. Differences at taxon/cluster level were analyzed using Mann-Whitney's test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. Principal component analysis was used to visualize bacterial community profiles. A reduced bacterial diversity was observed in samples from subjects with dental caries. Five bacterial taxa (Veillonella parvula, Veillonella atypica, Megasphaera micronuciformis, Fusobacterium periodontium and Achromobacter xylosoxidans) and one bacterial cluster (Leptotrichia sp. clones C3MKM102 and GT018_ot417/462) were less frequently found in the caries group (adjusted p value <0.01) while two bacterial taxa (Solobacterium moorei and Streptococcus salivarius) and three bacterial clusters (Streptococcus parasanguinis I and II and sp. clone BE024_ot057/411/721, Streptococcus parasanguinis I and II and sinensis_ot411/721/767, Streptococcus salivarius and sp. clone FO042_ot067/755) were present at significantly higher levels (adjusted p value <0.01). The principal component analysis displayed a marked difference in the bacterial community profiles between groups. Presence of manifest caries was associated with a reduced diversity and an altered salivary bacterial community profile. Our data support recent theories that ecological stress-induced changes of commensal microbial communities are involved in the shift from oral health to tooth decay.

Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease

“…The principal component analysis displayed a marked difference in the bacterial community profiles between groups. Presence of manifested caries was associated with a reduced diversity and an altered salivary bacterial community profile [31]. …”

Leptotrichia species in human infections II

“…clones, S. salivarius , S. salivarius sp. clone, PCR, HOMIM[44]M/F 55 (±53.8–56.3) Leptotrichia sp. clonesHealthy and diseases (caries + periodontitis)Saliva, mouth A. xylosoxidan , M. micronuciformis , F. periodontium , V. atypica , PCR, HOMIM 124M/F < 30 Mo ±19.1 Leptotrichia spp., L. hongkongensis clonesCariesSupragingival plaque, mouth Porphyromonas , Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga , Streptococcus spp., S. mutans clones, S. sobrinus clones, Veillonella, Neisseria , Rothia , TM7 genus incertae sedis , Actinomyces, Prevotella spp., P. histicola clones, Eikenella, Kingella , Fusobacterium, Gemella , Campylobacter, Granulicatella spp., G. adiacens clones, Abiotrophia, Selenomonas , Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus , Anaeroglobus, Ottowia , Schlegelella , HTS, PCA[45]M/F < 30 Mo ±19.0 Leptotrichia spp.CFSupragingival plaque, mouth Streptococcus spp., Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium , TM7 genus incertae sedis , Porphyromonas, Granulicatella , Fusobacterium, Treponema , Gemella, Selenomonas , Veillonella, Dechloromonas , Actinomyces, Campylobacter , Abiotrophia , Ottowia , Eikenella, Johnsonella , Neisseria, Prevotella , Kingella, Rothia , HTS, PCA 126M/F/T 39 ± 10 Leptotrichia spp.HIV seropositiveSaliva Lactobacillus spp., Aggregatibacter, Lachnospiraceae , Rothia, Eubacterium , Tannerella, Haemophilus , Neisseria, Gemella , Granulicatella, Shuttleworthia , Streptococcus, S. mutans , Fusobacterium, Solobacterium , Campylobacter, Veillonella , Dialister , Synergistetes, Filifactor, Parvimonas , Achromobacter , Megasphaera, Selenomonas, Prevotella , Candida , culture, DGGE, HOMIM, PCA[46]M/F 43 ± 13 Leptotrichia spp.HIV seronegativeSaliva Capnocytophaga , Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae , Granulicatella, Veillonella , Synergistetes, Lactobacillus spp., Porphyromonas, Lactobacillus , Campylobacter, Streptococcus , S. mutans , Parvimonas, Kingella , Atopobium, Selenomonas , Aggregatibacter, Fusobacterium , Haemophilus, Megasphaera , Prevotella, Solobacterium , Gemella, Achromobacter , Eubacterium, Rothia , Slackia, Filifactor , Dialister, Neisseria , Candida , culture, DGGE, HOMIM, PCA 128M/F ≥ 18–21.5 ± 1.9 Leptotrichia spp., L. hongkongensis Healthy, supragingival plaqueMouth Corynebacterium , Capnocytoph...…”

“…They were also recovered from oral plaque of guinea pigs [21] and feces of piglets [54], dental plaque from healthy individuals, plaque and saliva from patients with various types of caries, gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and peri-implantitis [23,25–27,34,35,37,38,44,45,47,49,52,59,60,62,66–69,91,94], decayed tooth surfaces and discordant caries from intact enamel surfaces [53]. Leptotrichia species were also isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and patients with leukocytosis, hypoxemia, and dyspnea [24].…”

The effects of family, dentition, and dental caries on the salivary microbiome

“…6–8 However, there is no consensus as to whether salivary microbial communities from caries are more or less diverse, or which taxa are associated with decay. The lack of consensus may have arisen because some of the studies were conducted in adults and others in children, ranged in sample size, and used various detection methods, including next generation sequencing, 16S rDNA microarray, and 16S rRNA-based reverse-capture oligonucleotide probes.…”

“…11 These phenotypes are hypothesized to directly influence the structure of the microbial communities present in plaque, the tongue and saliva, which, in turn, influence risk of dental caries. Known risk factors for dental decay, diet, hygiene, and exposure to cigarette smoke, 6,12 also are shared by households. Family members share microbiota.…”