Alleviation of Morphine Withdrawal Signs but Not Tolerance by the Essential Oil ofKelussia odoratissimaMozaff.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic and acute treatment of the essential oil (EO) of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine over a period of 5 days. Tolerance was assessed using the tail-pinch test and withdrawal signs of morphine were precipitated by injecting naloxone 2 h after the final morphine injection. Repeated injection of the EO of K. odoratissima (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 4 days significantly suppressed morphine-withdrawal jumps, a sign of the development of dependence to opiate as assessed by naloxone precipitation withdrawal on day 5 of testing. A single injection (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of the EO on day 5, 1 h prior to morphine failed to produce any significant change in morphine withdrawal signs. Neither the acute nor the chronic administration of EO of the K. odoratissima did significantly influence the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Alleviation in morphine signs of withdrawal after chronic injection with K. odoratissima is indicative of reversal of neuronal adaptation that takes place during morphine presence in the brain.

Antioxidant Potential of Phoenix dactylifera Linn Extract and its Effects on Calcium Channel Antagonist in the Treatment of Withdrawal Syndrome in Morphine Dependent Rats

“…A group of 4 rats were chosen randomly for each dose of drugs. Morphine was injected (s.c) twice daily at 8:00 and 16:00 for 5 days as described by Rabbani and colleagues, [3][4] with slight modification. Rats were exposed to escalating doses of morphine from 10 to 60 mg/kg over a period of 5 days.…”

“…These parameters were rated based on scoring crriteria adopted from previous studies, with slight modification. 4,10 A positive jumping response (when a rat jumped ≥ 4 times during observation period) was assigned a score of 4, hyperactivity response (tremor, eye ptosis, wet dog shaking and teeth chattering) was scored as 3, diarrhea was given a score of 2 and urination was assigned a score of 1. However, if the rat jumped < 4 times a score of 1 per jumped was assigned, a maximum total score of 10 and a minimum score of 0 is attainable.…”

“…However, many drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms of action have been tested for their effects on morphine tolerance and physical dependence. [2][3][4] None of these drugs have been Date fruit Phoenix dactylifera (Linn) is remarkably known for its nutritional and numerous health benefits that are linked to its wide variety of bioactive compounds. Calcium channels were reported to play an important role in the mechanism of morphine dependence and withdrawal syndrome.…”