All-printed highly sensitive 2D MoS2 based multi-reagent immunosensor for smartphone based point-of-care diagnosis

Abstract

Immunosensors are used to detect the presence of certain bio-reagents mostly targeted at the diagnosis of a condition or a disease. Here, a general purpose electrical immunosensor has been fabricated for the quantitative detection of multiple bio-reagents through the formation of an antibody-antigen pair. The sensors were fabricated using all printing approaches. 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) MoS2 thin film was deposited using Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) on top of an interdigitated transducer (IDT) electrode fabricated by reverse offset printing. The sensors were then treated with three different types of antibodies that were immobilized by physisorption into the highly porous multi-layered structure of MoS2 active layer. BSA was used as blocking agent to prevent non-specific absorption (NSA). The sensors were then employed for the targeted detection of the specific antigens including prostate specific antigen (PSA), mouse immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). IgG was then selected to test the sensors for point of care (POC) diagnosis through a specially designed electronic readout system for sensors and interfacing it with a smartphone using Bluetooth connection. The sensors showed promising performance in terms of stability, specificity, repeatability, sensitivity, limit of detection (LoD), and range of detection (RoD).

A review of smartphone point‐of‐care adapter design

“…Biological objects such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites are in the micrometer to submicrometer range; therefore, magnification is mandatory for visual inspection of these objects. Smartphone adapters are employed here for visual inspection, measurement, recognition, sensing, and disease diagnosis for conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and malaria . On the other hand, chemical agents, such as hormones, biomarkers, and reagents, are essential for biochemical processes; therefore, smartphone adapters were neatly designed for sensing, measuring, and monitoring these agents, as shown in Figure .…”

Nanomaterials for IoT Sensing Platforms and Point-of-Care Applications in South Korea

“…To this end, novel biosensors must be developed for promoting research of innovative materials and strategies for device fabrication. Immunosensors with compact analytical devices have been developed for the quantitative detection of multiple bioreagents facilitated by antibody-antigen complex formation [193]. Immunosensors can transduce immunologic reactions between an antigen and an antibody into an electrical signal as measured by EIS.…”

“…Reprinted with permission from Ref. [193] Copyright (2017), Nature Publishing Group. (d) Schematic illustration of the POC monitoring of PD using a smartphone.…”

Environmental Analysis with 2D Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Field-Effect Transistors

“…Sensing strategies and devices for microorganism have been reported based on different principles and TMDC-based FET has recently become newly emerged sensing platform for microorganisms. The reports of TMDC FET sensors for the detection of various biomolecules including proteins [31,32,81,[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) [26][27][28][29][144][145][146][147][148][149] TiO 2 FETs [150], in which vancomycin with bio-affinity to S. aureus was functionalized onto MoS 2 via a TiO 2 layer, contributing to the efficient discriminating ability of the sensor between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The detection of Ebola, a lethal virus, was achieved with FET sensors with liquid-phase exfoliated MoS 2 [151], in which selective detection relied on the bio-recognition of a specific protein VP40 antigen on Ebola.…”