“…In recent years, various types of nanomaterials and nanocomposites have emerged as promising tools for biomarkers detection, provided that they exhibit well-defined structures, suitable physico-chemical characteristics, and good biocompatibility [51]: carbon-based nanomaterials, e.g. carbon nanotubes (CNT) [52], graphene (GR) [53], carbon dots (CD) [38], nanodiamonds [54]), conductive polymers, noble metals (silver and gold), magnetic nanoparticles, metaleorganic frameworks (MOFs) and peptide molecular wires [27,34,55]. By modifying the electrode surface, as signal transducers, they provide the advantages of high signal amplification, multi-functionality, easy preparation and increased thermal stability [56].…”