Alcohol and Crimes of Violence

Pernanen, Kai

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9495-3_10

Cited by 176 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Examples of cognitive changes are reduced self-awareness and impaired intellectual functioning as proposed in the theories by Hull (1981), Pernanen (1976), and Steele and Joseph (1990).…”

Section: Integrated Theoretical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Alcohol and Steroid Hormones in Human Aggression

Pahlen¹

2005

Vitamins &Amp; Hormones

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“…Examples of cognitive changes are reduced self-awareness and impaired intellectual functioning as proposed in the theories by Hull (1981), Pernanen (1976), and Steele and Joseph (1990).…”

Section: Integrated Theoretical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Alcohol and Steroid Hormones in Human Aggression

Pahlen¹

2005

Vitamins &Amp; Hormones

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“…Research findings are consistent with a number of explanations --causal, correlational, cultural, and coincidental (see Leigh, 1990a for discussion). These various explanations emphasize very different factors, from pharmacological disinhibition (see Crowe & George, 1989;Room & Collins, 1983), to cognitive decrements (Pernanen, 1976;Steele & Southwick, 1985), risk-taking or sensation-seeking personality tendencies (Adlaf & Smart, 1983;Zuckerman, 1979), "problem behavior syndrome" (Donovan & Jessor, 1985;Osgood, Johnston, O'Malley & Bachman, 1988), to expectations about the effects of alcohol (see Wilson, 1978), the use of intoxication as an excuse for unacceptable behavior (Critchlow, 1983;Lang, 1985;MacAndrew & Edgerton, 1969), or the role of situation-specific rituals Wilson, 1981).…”

Section: Issues Of Interpretation and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use and risky sexual behavior for exposure to HIV: Issues in methodology, interpretation, and prevention.

Leigh¹,

Stall²

1993

American Psychologist

598

432

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Recent reports have suggested that the use of alcohol or drugs is related to sexual behavior that is high-risk for HIV infection. If substance use leads to unsafe sexual activity, understanding the dynamics of this relationship can contribute to research, preventive and education efforts to contain the spread of AIDS. In this paper, we review research on the relationship between substance use and high-risk sexual behavior. We then consider the inherent limitations of the research designs used to study this relationship, outline some methodological concerns including measurement and sampling issues, and comment on causal interpretations of correlational research findings. We end with a consideration of potential avenues for avenues for future research and a discussion of implications of these findings for current AIDS prevention policies.As the United States enters the second decade of the AIDS epidemic, it has become evident that the primary defense against the spread of this disease is prevention of the behaviors that result in HIV transmission. Recent behavioral research has focused on identification of potentially modifiable variables that may contribute to risk-taking behaviors. One factor that has been proposed as a contributor to sexual risk-taking is the use of alcohol or other drugs with sex (see Leigh, 1990a;Stall, 1988). Because alcohol and drugs are thought to interfere with judgment and decision-making, it has been suggested that their use in conjunction with sexual activity might increase the probability that risky behaviors will occur (e.g., Howard et al., 1988; USDHHS, 1991). In the last few years, a number of reports have appeared suggesting a link between alcohol or drug use and sexual behavior, such as unprotected intercourse, that is known to place an individual at higher risk for HIV infection.In this paper we examine the evidence for and against the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between alcohol and/or drug use and high-risk sexual behavior for HIV transmission. First, we review research that examines the link between substance use and high-risk behavior, while discussing the limitations of the research designs used to investigate this link. We then consider additional methodological concerns, including measurement and sampling issues, that affect interpretation of research findings. We end with a discussion of implications of these findings for AIDS prevention policies.

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“…Alcohol intoxication is commonly reported to be correlated with criminal violence [31,[156][157][158][159]. Registered sale of alcohol correlated between 0.25 and 0.75 with reports of criminal violence [31,142,[160][161][162][163][164][165].…”

Section: Alcohol and Criminal Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A great number of studies refer to disinhibition as the explanation of their results [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Pernanen [31] states that the concept of disinhibition is a 'largely formal pseudo-explanation that to a great extent rests on a common descriptive language for its believability' [p. 399]. He stresses the situational and social factors as determinants of alcohol-related behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol and Disinhibition

Källmén

Gustafson²

1998

Eur Addict Res

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This review investigates research evaluating the disinhibition hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that in a sober state behavior is inhibited. When people are influenced by alcohol the inhibitions are supposed to be weakened and the motivating drives are postulated to become disinhibited and potent to influence behavior. This report reviews the effect of alcohol on nerve functions, on human sexuality, aggression, eating behavior, psychological conflicts, fluency in talk, social anxiety, violent crimes and the interaction of alcohol and social norms. It has been shown that individual subjective experiences sometimes indicate disinhibition (reduction of the forces holding back impulses) and objective behavior in some respects was different when the subject was intoxicated, but the mechanism that mediates behavior is not clear. It seems to be difficult to measure independently the forces restraining (inhibiting) the driving forces (uncontrolled impulses) at the same time as measuring these driving forces. The review concludes that there is no unambiguous support of the disinhibition hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis that seems to explain many behaviors in an inebriated individual is the ‘time out’ hypothesis which states that drunken behavior is influenced more by norms about what it should be than by the pharmacological effect of alcohol.

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Alcohol and Crimes of Violence

Cited by 176 publications

References 90 publications

The Role of Alcohol and Steroid Hormones in Human Aggression

The Role of Alcohol and Steroid Hormones in Human Aggression

Substance use and risky sexual behavior for exposure to HIV: Issues in methodology, interpretation, and prevention.

Alcohol and Disinhibition

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