Recent reports have suggested that the use of alcohol or drugs is related to sexual behavior that is high-risk for HIV infection. If substance use leads to unsafe sexual activity, understanding the dynamics of this relationship can contribute to research, preventive and education efforts to contain the spread of AIDS. In this paper, we review research on the relationship between substance use and high-risk sexual behavior. We then consider the inherent limitations of the research designs used to study this relationship, outline some methodological concerns including measurement and sampling issues, and comment on causal interpretations of correlational research findings. We end with a consideration of potential avenues for avenues for future research and a discussion of implications of these findings for current AIDS prevention policies.As the United States enters the second decade of the AIDS epidemic, it has become evident that the primary defense against the spread of this disease is prevention of the behaviors that result in HIV transmission. Recent behavioral research has focused on identification of potentially modifiable variables that may contribute to risk-taking behaviors. One factor that has been proposed as a contributor to sexual risk-taking is the use of alcohol or other drugs with sex (see Leigh, 1990a;Stall, 1988). Because alcohol and drugs are thought to interfere with judgment and decision-making, it has been suggested that their use in conjunction with sexual activity might increase the probability that risky behaviors will occur (e.g., Howard et al., 1988; USDHHS, 1991). In the last few years, a number of reports have appeared suggesting a link between alcohol or drug use and sexual behavior, such as unprotected intercourse, that is known to place an individual at higher risk for HIV infection.In this paper we examine the evidence for and against the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between alcohol and/or drug use and high-risk sexual behavior for HIV transmission. First, we review research that examines the link between substance use and high-risk behavior, while discussing the limitations of the research designs used to investigate this link. We then consider additional methodological concerns, including measurement and sampling issues, that affect interpretation of research findings. We end with a discussion of implications of these findings for AIDS prevention policies.

A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, the National AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on the prevalence of HIV-related risks in the general heterosexual population, on the distribution of the three largest risk groups across social strata, and on the prevalence and distribution of condom use among heterosexuals reporting a risk factor. Between 15 and 31 percent of heterosexuals nationally and 20 and 41 percent in cities with a high prevalence of AIDS reported an HIV risk factor. Condom use was relatively low. Only 17 percent of those with multiple sexual partners, 12.6 percent of those with risky sexual partners, and 10.8 percent of untested transfusion recipients used condoms all the time. Overall, the results suggest that current HIV prevention programs have, to a very limited extent, reached those heterosexuals with multiple sexual partners but have failed to reach many other groups of the heterosexual population at risk for HIV. New public health strategies may be needed for these specific risk groups.

Public Health Briefs users in five US cities. AIDS. 1994;8:681-687. 46. Friedman SR, Jose B, Deren S, Des Jarlais DC, Neaigus A. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among out-of-treatment drug injectors in high and low seroprevalence cities. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:864-874. 47. Huang KHC, Watters JK, Case P. Psychological assessment and AIDS research with intravenous drug users: challenges in measurement.

The high rates of unprotected intercourse, particularly among the HIV-positive men, attest to the urgent need for HIV-prevention interventions for young gay and bisexual men. The findings suggest that many of the important variables to target in interventions are similar for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative men.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a vulnerabilidade, de caminhoneiros de rota curta, à transmissão sexual do HIV e da Aids. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 279 caminhoneiros com vínculo de trabalho na cidade de Santos, SP, em locais de concentração na área portuária e suas proximidades, sindicatos e associações, recrutados pela amostragem do tipo "bola-de-neve". Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre questões sociodemográficas, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, conhecimento sobre o HIV e a Aids, contato prévio com programas de prevenção à Aids em Santos, percepção de sua vulnerabilidade ao HIV e à Aids. Foi realizada análise descritiva da amostra, e apresentados relatos para ilustrar algumas situações de vulnerabilidade. RESULTADOS: Do total de 279 caminhoneiros entrevistados, 93% declararam ter parceira fixa, 40% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras casuais, e 19% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras freqüentes. A principal situação de vulnerabilidade ao HIV ocorre devido ao uso inconsistente do preservativo, interligado ao vínculo estabelecido com cada parceira. O tempo fora de casa parece não ser o principal fator para situações de vulnerabilidade, conforme demonstram estudos com caminhoneiros de rota longa. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura "machista" e os papéis tradicionais masculinos são emblemáticos entre os caminhoneiros de rota curta. Certamente é necessário investir mais na prevenção nessa categoria profissional. A prevenção em locais de trabalho parece promissora, pois permite entender melhor seu universo, propiciando intervenções educativas adequadas a essa categoria profissional.

In a study of risk behavior among heterosexuals, 9% of a national sample and 12% of a sample drawn from high-risk cities report having two or more sexual partners in the year before the survey. In both samples, sex with multiple partners is most common among men, younger people and the unmarried. Multivariate analyses show that racial and ethnic differences in the proportion of respondents with multiple partners vary by marital status. The results indicate that many heterosexuals are failing to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases: Among respondents with multiple partners, only 18% of men and 22% of women always use condoms with their primary partner, and 28% of men and 32% of women always use them with secondary partners. These proportions do not increase significantly with the number of partners; in general, almost half of men and women with multiple partners never use condoms.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção do risco de infecção em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, antes de elas receberem o resultado positivo para essa patologia. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com entrevistas em profundidade em amostra de conveniência constituída de 26 mulheres que freqüentavam o ambulatório de um centro regional de saúde em Maringá, PR. A entrevista foi semidirigida com um roteiro de perguntas fechadas e abertas sobre características sociodemográficos, conhecimento sobre prevenção primária e secundária, percepção de risco antes do teste positivo para HIV, impacto do resultado em suas vidas -- inclusive a sexual -- depois de saberem ser portadoras do vírus. Os resultados foram analisados pela metodologia de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Apesar de ter consciência de que essa doença pode atingir qualquer um, nenhuma das 26 mulheres estudadas acreditava estar infectada pelo HIV/Aids. Os mecanismos psicológicos, "negação", "evitação", "onipotência do pensamento" e "projeção" foram os que puderam ser identificados como aqueles que as mulheres mais utilizaram para lidar com as dificuldades e as ansiedades decorrentes da percepção de risco e das normas e relações de gêneros hegemônicas presentes na cultura brasileira. Verificou-se que, se o uso desses mecanismos alivia a angústia, por outro lado aumenta a vulnerabilidade das mulheres. Elas se sentem incapazes de atuar, e muitas mantêm relações sexuais desprotegidas com os parceiros, expondo-se à gravidez indesejada e à reinfecção. CONCLUSÕES: Os programas de prevenção do HIV devem considerar também aspectos psicológicos, socioeconômicos e culturais que interferem na vulnerabilidade das mulheres, antes e depois da infecção. Para haver maior alcance de suas ações, os programas devem ir além da distribuição massiva de informações e usar abordagens psicoeducativas em pequenos grupos que estimulem a conscientização das mulheres para além das informações biomédicas.

Despite the fact that HIV infection is clearly present among those past the age of 50 years, a small proportion of individuals in this age group take behavioral risks for HIV infection. High-risk individuals older than 50 years are much less likely to have adopted AIDS prevention strategies than are younger individuals who engage in the same behavioral risks.