Ajwain oil attenuates allergic response of ovalbumin‐induced allergic rhinitis via alteration of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and Th1/Th2 responses

Abstract

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immune inflammatory‐related disorder that affects the nasal mucosa. Free radicals play a crucial role in the expansion of allergic reaction and the researcher used the antioxidant therapy to treat the disease. Trachyspermum ammi L. (Ajwain oil) is popular traditional medicine. It has been proved their potential effect on various diseases. Ajwain oil showed anti‐tumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐bacterial properties. Yet, the anti‐allergic effect of Ajwain oil is still not explored. In this experimental study, an ovalbumin (OVX)‐induced AR model was used to scrutinize the anti‐allergic, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of Ajwain oil. Materials and Methods: OVX was used to establish the AR model (sensitization days 1, 8, and 15) and given the oral treatment of Ajwain oil and Montelukast for 13 days. The spleen, lungs, and body weight were estimated. Sneezing, nasal discharge and rubbing are also estimated. Immunoglobin‐E (IgE), histamine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inflammatory cytokines were scrutinized. Results: Ajwain oil significantly (p < .001) suppressed sneezing, nasal discharge and nasal rubbing along with increasing the spleen, lung and body weight. Ajwain oil significantly (p < .001) decreased the level of IgE, histamine, MDA, Nrf2, HO‐1, and increased the level of SOD. Ajwain oil significantly (p < .001) suppressed the number of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells. Ajwain oil significantly prevented the activation of the NF‐κBp65 and STAT3 signaling pathways that led to enhancing the synthesis of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and reducing the inflammatory, allergen‐specific type 2T helper cells (Th2), Th17 cytokines. Conclusion: The obtained data suggests that Ajwain oil has a promising anti‐allergic against allergic rhinitis in mice via anti‐allergic, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory effects. Practical applications Allergic rhinitis is a serious life‐threatening disease. Inflammatory reaction plays an important role in the expansion of AR diseases. Ajwain oil considerably increased the spleen weight and reduced lung weight. Ajwain oil suppressed the nasal rubbing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. Ajwain oil considerably suppressed the immunoglobin and inflammatory cytokines. The result suggests that Ajwain oil having the potential effect against the allergic rhinitis.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A attenuates allergic response of ovalbumin induced allergic rhinitis via Nrf2/HO‐1 and inflammatory signaling pathways

“…During the oxidative stress, increases the level of ROS, which further combine with the NO start the production of peroxynitrite (ONOO À ) and ultimately enhance the protein nitration and lipid peroxidation. 8,33 LPO induces the reduction in the membrane fluidity, diminishing of membrane function, suppress the energy production and interferes with the mitochondrial respirator chain. 36 MDA can be formed through the mechanism of lipid peroxidation, which is caused by the presence of oxygen radicals.…”

“…Current research suggest that the increased ROS level is linked with the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, which occur due to induction of oxidative stress in the nasal mucosa. The oxidative stress enhanced the production of sputum and mucus and also causes the injury in the lung cells 33,34 . Wang et al 8 suggest that various toxicant such as OVA causes the oxidative stress in the nasal mucosa via reduction of oxidative defense mechanism and total oxidant status.…”

“…The oxidative stress enhanced the production of sputum and mucus and also causes the injury in the lung cells. 33,34 Wang et al 8 suggest that various toxicant such as OVA causes the oxidative stress in the nasal mucosa via reduction of oxidative defense mechanism and total oxidant status.…”

“…It is well documented that GSH and SOD are the crucial antioxidant enzymes that play an important role to reduces the production of ROS. During the oxidative stress, increases the level of ROS, which further combine with the NO start the production of peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) and ultimately enhance the protein nitration and lipid peroxidation 8,33 . LPO induces the reduction in the membrane fluidity, diminishing of membrane function, suppress the energy production and interferes with the mitochondrial respirator chain 36 .…”

Daphnetin Mitigates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis in Mice by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-kB Signaling

“…Oxidative stress resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to be closely correlated to the development of AR. 13,14 ROS enhances mucosa permeability and mucus production and leads to the secretion of inflammatory mediators. 15 Studies have demonstrated that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway plays a crucial part in oxidative stress.…”