Agricultural Policies and Trade Paths in Turkey

Abstract

In 1959, shortly after the European Economic Community was founded under the 1957 Treaty of Rome, Turkey applied for Associate Membership of the then six‐member common market. By 1963, a path for integrating the economies of Turkey and the eventual European Union had been mapped. As with many trade agreements, agriculture posed difficult political hurdles, which were never fully cleared, even as trade barriers to other sectors were eventually removed and a Customs Union formed. In this paper, we trace the influences the Turkey‐EU economic institutions have had on agricultural policies and the agricultural sector. Using an applied general equilibrium framework we provide estimates of what including agriculture under the Customs Union would mean for the sector and the economy. We also discuss the implications of fully aligning Turkey's agricultural policies with the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, as would be required under full membership.

Political Hierarchy of Opening-Up Policy and China’s Carbon Reduction: Empirical Research Based on Spatial Regression Discontinuity

“…However, some other researchers argue that the higher the degree of trade openness is in a country, the slower the growth of pollution intensity (emission intensity) per unit of output is, thus rejecting the pollution paradise hypothesis [9,10]. Moreover, the third opinion focuses on the uncertain effect of trade openness on the environment, but the influence covers four aspects: relocation of production, competition for natural resources between industries, pollution emission decreases with output growth, and the impact of income effects on consumer behavior [11][12][13]. Despite considerable controversies, there is little evidence on how trade opening-up policy affects carbon emissions, especially in developing countries [14].…”