Aggregated applications and benefits of energy storage systems with application-specific control methods: A review

Abstract

Distributed energy storage systems (ESSs) are becoming essential components for the operation of the increasingly complex electricity grid, where dispersed generation is causing powerflows occurring both top-down and bottom-up. Specifically, the combination of ESSs coupled with application-specific control methods can achieve the interdependent objectives of system stakeholders such as the system operator, electrical utilities, retailers, equipment vendors, the government and the electricity customers. The necessity for an accelerated rate of transition to a multi-directional grid arrangement has been exacerbated by the rapid proliferation of distributed renewable energy sources (RESs) that are now price comparable to traditional supply sources. While there are review articles covering ESS technologies and applications as well as the plethora of future advanced grid arrangements that may eventuate, there is none which comprehensively covers individual and aggregated ESS applications and the corresponding benefits, comparing different technology selection methods and providing application-specific controls. Both operational and monetary benefits are identified and critically reviewed from the perspective of the aforementioned stakeholders. Wholesale and retail energy market regimes are also considered for monetisation of the benefits. The control methods that are provided cover both balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. This comprehensive review paper will be of immense value to researchers and practitioners seeking to understand and unpack the aggregated benefits of ESS in the electricity grid.

Rooftop PV and the Renewable Energy Transition; a Review of Driving Forces and Analytical Frameworks

“…As mentioned in Section 5.2, market rules in Western Australia were written to only allow generators to provide system support services, thereby excluding the use of batteries and other non-synchronous technologies [101,102]. This is despite energy storage being considered one of the most important mechanisms by which excess rooftop-PV-generated energy can best be integrated into existing power systems [110][111][112], in a state which has some of the highest daytime solar radiance in the world.…”

Review of Energy in the Built Environment

“…In general, BESS can improve the efficiency of the power system by providing additional flexibility to TSOs and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), such as the provision of ancillary services, peak shaving, congestion management, and reduction of reserve provision from conventional units [70,100]. Figure 7 provides a taxonomy of different services and applications of BESS throughout the power system.…”

A novel voltage stability and quality index demonstrated on a low voltage distribution network with multifunctional energy storage systems

“…Replacing thermal generators by an ESS, to perform frequency regulation (i.e., primary reserve) and spinning reserve (i.e., secondary reserve), results in regulating the system frequency at the fastest possible speed and with the minimum amount of energy utilised for that purpose [27]. In the work presented in [28], it is demonstrated that because of the fast acting nature of a battery-based ESS (with absence of mechanical inertia), periods of frequency excursion are minimised with the ESS to absorb energy faster than the response to over-frequency that can be provided by thermal generators, that follow the automatic generation control (AGC) signal.…”